The cellular stress response of the scleractinian coral Goniopora columna during the progression of the black band disease.

Davide Seveso, Simone Montano, Melissa Amanda Ljubica Reggente, Davide Maggioni, Ivan Orlandi, Paolo Galli, Marina Vai
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Abstract

Black band disease (BBD) is a widespread coral pathology caused by a microbial consortium dominated by cyanobacteria, which is significantly contributing to the loss of coral cover and diversity worldwide. Since the effects of the BBD pathogens on the physiology and cellular stress response of coral polyps appear almost unknown, the expression of some molecular biomarkers, such as Hsp70, Hsp60, HO-1, and MnSOD, was analyzed in the apparently healthy tissues of Goniopora columna located at different distances from the infection and during two disease development stages. All the biomarkers displayed different levels of expression between healthy and diseased colonies. In the healthy corals, low basal levels were found stable over time in different parts of the same colony. On the contrary, in the diseased colonies, a strong up-regulation of all the biomarkers was observed in all the tissues surrounding the infection, which suffered an oxidative stress probably generated by the alternation, at the progression front of the disease, of conditions of oxygen supersaturation and hypoxia/anoxia, and by the production of the cyanotoxin microcystin by the BBD cyanobacteria. Furthermore, in the infected colonies, the expression of all the biomarkers appeared significantly affected by the development stage of the disease. In conclusion, our approach may constitute a useful diagnostic tool, since the cellular stress response of corals is activated before the pathogens colonize the tissues, and expands the current knowledge of the mechanisms controlling the host responses to infection in corals.

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硬骨珊瑚 Goniopora columna 在黑带病发展过程中的细胞应激反应。
黑带病(BBD)是一种广泛存在的珊瑚病理现象,由蓝藻为主的微生物群引起,是全球珊瑚覆盖率和多样性丧失的重要原因。由于 BBD 病原体对珊瑚虫的生理和细胞应激反应的影响几乎不为人知,因此我们分析了一些分子生物标志物(如 Hsp70、Hsp60、HO-1 和 MnSOD)的表达情况,这些标志物存在于离感染不同距离的 Goniopora columna 表面健康的组织中,并存在于两个疾病发展阶段。所有生物标志物在健康珊瑚群和患病珊瑚群之间都有不同程度的表达。在健康珊瑚中,同一珊瑚群不同部位的基础表达水平较低,且随着时间的推移趋于稳定。相反,在患病珊瑚群中,感染周围所有组织中的所有生物标志物都出现了强烈的上调,这些组织可能受到了氧化应激的影响,这可能是由于在疾病发展过程中,氧气过饱和与缺氧/缺氧条件交替出现,以及 BBD 蓝藻产生了蓝藻毒素微囊藻毒素所致。此外,在受感染的菌落中,所有生物标志物的表达似乎都受到疾病发展阶段的显著影响。总之,我们的方法可能是一种有用的诊断工具,因为珊瑚的细胞应激反应在病原体定植到组织之前就已经被激活了。
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[Pigmented adrenal cortex adenoma]. Kinetic analyses of vasculogenesis inform mechanistic studies. The cellular stress response of the scleractinian coral Goniopora columna during the progression of the black band disease. Reactivation of telomerase in cancer. Effects of diets differing in protein source and technical treatment on digestibility, performance and visceral and biochemical parameters of fattening pigs.
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