Challenges of Community-Based Management of Protected Areas: Contested Trade-offs Between Livelihood and Conservation Interests in Chyulu Hills National Park, Kenya

Samuel Kimani Kiumbuku
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Abstract

This was a formative study whose main aim was to obtain useful information for designing co-management interventions of Chyulu Hills National Park (CHNP) and other protected ecosystems in Kenya. Among the specific objectives that we have covered in this article were to; (1) examine the competing livelihood interests of communities living within the catchment of CHNP. (2) to assess the challenges that undermined community support towards co-management of the ecosystem. The findings showed that communities were highly dependent on park resources for both direct and indirect livelihood services. This over-dependence on the resources by local communities made it difficult for management agencies to control access to the protected area leading to illegal encroachment. There were gaps that required urgent attention to to ensure suatainable management of CHNP. First, communities were not engaged effectively when mangement decisions were being made but only received information on decisions that have already been made elsewhere and were required to abide by them. Secondly, incidences of human-wildlife conflicts jeopardized cooperation between communities and wildlife management agency. Thirdly, in spite of the protected area being in their neighbourhoods, community members felt entitled to the ecosystem resources and therefore they perceived it unfair that the authories kept them off from the National park. In conclusion, there was no balanced tradeoff between the livelihood interests of local communities and conservation interests of the National Park. To promote collaboration between the communities and wildlife management agencies in management of the park there was an urgent need to address the livelihood interests of the local communities.
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以社区为基础的保护区管理的挑战:肯尼亚Chyulu Hills国家公园生计和保护利益之间的有争议的权衡
这是一项形成性研究,其主要目的是为设计Chyulu Hills国家公园(CHNP)和肯尼亚其他受保护生态系统的共同管理干预措施获得有用的信息。我们在本文中讨论的具体目标包括:(1)研究生活在CHNP流域内的社区的竞争生计利益。(2)评估影响社区支持生态系统共同管理的挑战。研究结果表明,社区在直接和间接生计服务上高度依赖公园资源。当地社区对资源的过度依赖使管理机构难以控制进入保护区的通道,从而导致非法侵占。为确保CHNP的可持续管理,存在需要紧急注意的差距。首先,在作出管理决定时,社区没有有效参与,而只是收到关于其他地方已经作出的决定的信息,并被要求遵守这些决定。其次,人与野生动物冲突的发生破坏了社区与野生动物管理机构之间的合作。第三,尽管保护区就在他们的社区内,但社区成员认为有权获得生态系统资源,因此他们认为当局不让他们进入国家公园是不公平的。总之,在当地社区的生计利益和国家公园的保护利益之间没有平衡的权衡。为了促进社区和野生动物管理机构在公园管理方面的合作,迫切需要解决当地社区的生计利益。
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