San trance dance: embodied experience and neurological mechanisms

IF 3.6 3区 哲学 0 RELIGION Religion Brain & Behavior Pub Date : 2022-10-24 DOI:10.1080/2153599X.2022.2118360
Benjamin C Campbell
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Abstract

ABSTRACT The San trance dance has attracted considerable attention in terms of ethnography and rock art, as well as the human capacity for altered states of consciousness. However, its implications for shamanic ritual and associated states of consciousness remain undeveloped without understanding the brain mechanisms involved. Here I integrate previous models of trance with findings from neuroscience and ethnographic reports to outline a neurological model. I suggest that physical exertion leads to activation of the sympathetic nervous system and release of noradrenaline along the spine leading to the feeling of rising energy the San call !num. Associated hyperventilation activates the amygdala and insula producing fear and the experience of being underwater. With trance, changes in activity of the insula lead to disruption of the right temporal parietal junction, blurring self/other distinctions and leading to body distortion and the experience of flight. Resulting changes in face and body perception are integrated with pre-existing social information in the anterior temporal lobes generating images of human, animal and theriomorphic figures. I also suggest that persistent hunting leads to sustained focus underlying the ability of San men to undergo trance, and makes the Eland central to images of trance in San rock art.
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圣恍惚舞:体现经验和神经机制
圣恍惚舞在人种学和岩石艺术以及人类改变意识状态的能力方面引起了相当大的关注。然而,它对萨满仪式和相关意识状态的影响在没有理解所涉及的大脑机制的情况下仍未得到发展。在这里,我将先前的恍惚模型与神经科学和人种学报告的发现结合起来,勾勒出一个神经学模型。我认为,体力消耗会激活交感神经系统,并沿脊柱释放去甲肾上腺素,从而产生能量上升的感觉。相关的过度换气会激活杏仁核和脑岛,产生恐惧和水下体验。在恍惚状态下,脑岛活动的变化导致右侧颞顶叶连接的破坏,模糊自我/他人的区别,导致身体扭曲和飞行的体验。由此产生的面部和身体感知的变化与前颞叶中预先存在的社会信息相结合,产生人类,动物和拟形人物的图像。我还认为,持续的狩猎导致了持续的专注,这是San men经历恍惚的能力的基础,并使Eland成为San rock艺术中恍惚图像的中心。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
3.00
自引率
13.60%
发文量
93
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