Flame Retardant Emissions from Spray Polyurethane Foam Insulation

D. Poppendieck, M. Schlegel, A. Connor, A. Blickley
{"title":"Flame Retardant Emissions from Spray Polyurethane Foam Insulation","authors":"D. Poppendieck, M. Schlegel, A. Connor, A. Blickley","doi":"10.1520/STP158920150044","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"The desire to build more energy efficient homes in the United States has led to the expansion of the residential spray polyurethane foam (SPF) insulation industry. Upon application of SPF, reacting chemicals form expanding polyurethane foam that fills cracks and gaps, reducing infiltration and thermal conductivity of the building envelope. However, more information is being sought on chemical emissions from SPF to better understand occupant exposures and any potential impacts on health. The objective of this investigation was to investigate the emission of flame retardant tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) from SPF using both micro-chambers and a full scale residential test facility. Two high pressure, open cell foams and one high pressure, closed cell foam were tested using micro-chambers. After 100 hours, TCPP concentrations from the open cell samples were 100 times higher than TCPP concentrations from the closed cell SPF. TCPP emissions from open cell foam were found to correlate exponentially with temperature and vary with flow rate, indicating emission factors from SPF micro-chamber experiments may not directly predict TCPP concentrations in buildings without consideration of material mass transfer properties. Due to the use of TCPP in furniture, SPF has not previously been positively identified as a primary source of indoor TCPP concentrations in actual buildings. This research measured airborne TCPP concentrations in the furniture-free National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Net Zero Energy Residential Test Facility (NZERTF) that contained 15 m of exposed, two-year-old, open cell SPF. The measured NZERTF TCPP emission rates were not directly predicted by emission factors from the micro-chamber measurements, which suggests a mass transfer-based modelling approach is needed for predicting TCPP concentrations from open cell SPF. More research is needed to determine how data from micro-chamber studies can be used to predict exposures of residential occupants to emissions from SPF foam.","PeriodicalId":15057,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Astm International","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2017-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"13","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Astm International","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1520/STP158920150044","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 13

Abstract

The desire to build more energy efficient homes in the United States has led to the expansion of the residential spray polyurethane foam (SPF) insulation industry. Upon application of SPF, reacting chemicals form expanding polyurethane foam that fills cracks and gaps, reducing infiltration and thermal conductivity of the building envelope. However, more information is being sought on chemical emissions from SPF to better understand occupant exposures and any potential impacts on health. The objective of this investigation was to investigate the emission of flame retardant tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) from SPF using both micro-chambers and a full scale residential test facility. Two high pressure, open cell foams and one high pressure, closed cell foam were tested using micro-chambers. After 100 hours, TCPP concentrations from the open cell samples were 100 times higher than TCPP concentrations from the closed cell SPF. TCPP emissions from open cell foam were found to correlate exponentially with temperature and vary with flow rate, indicating emission factors from SPF micro-chamber experiments may not directly predict TCPP concentrations in buildings without consideration of material mass transfer properties. Due to the use of TCPP in furniture, SPF has not previously been positively identified as a primary source of indoor TCPP concentrations in actual buildings. This research measured airborne TCPP concentrations in the furniture-free National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Net Zero Energy Residential Test Facility (NZERTF) that contained 15 m of exposed, two-year-old, open cell SPF. The measured NZERTF TCPP emission rates were not directly predicted by emission factors from the micro-chamber measurements, which suggests a mass transfer-based modelling approach is needed for predicting TCPP concentrations from open cell SPF. More research is needed to determine how data from micro-chamber studies can be used to predict exposures of residential occupants to emissions from SPF foam.
查看原文
分享 分享
微信好友 朋友圈 QQ好友 复制链接
本刊更多论文
喷涂聚氨酯泡沫隔热材料的阻燃排放物
在美国,建造更多节能住宅的愿望导致了住宅喷雾聚氨酯泡沫(SPF)保温行业的扩张。在使用SPF后,化学反应形成膨胀的聚氨酯泡沫,填充裂缝和空隙,减少建筑围护结构的渗透和导热性。然而,人们正在寻求更多关于SPF的化学物质排放的信息,以更好地了解居住者接触的化学物质及其对健康的潜在影响。本研究的目的是研究阻燃剂三(1-氯-2-丙基)磷酸盐(TCPP)从SPF的排放使用微室和全尺寸的住宅测试设施。使用微室测试了两种高压开孔泡沫和一种高压闭孔泡沫。100小时后,开放细胞样品的TCPP浓度比封闭细胞SPF的TCPP浓度高100倍。开孔泡沫的TCPP排放与温度呈指数相关,并随流量变化,这表明SPF微室实验的排放因子可能不能直接预测建筑物中TCPP的浓度,而不考虑材料的传质特性。由于家具中TCPP的使用,SPF以前没有被确定为实际建筑物中室内TCPP浓度的主要来源。本研究在无家具的美国国家标准与技术研究院(NIST)净零能耗住宅测试设施(NZERTF)中测量了空气中TCPP的浓度,该设施包含15米暴露的,两年的开放式SPF。测量的NZERTF TCPP发射率不能由微室测量的发射因子直接预测,这表明需要基于传质的建模方法来预测开孔SPF的TCPP浓度。需要更多的研究来确定如何使用微室研究的数据来预测住宅居住者对SPF泡沫排放物的暴露。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
求助全文
约1分钟内获得全文 去求助
来源期刊
自引率
0.00%
发文量
0
期刊最新文献
Flame Retardant Emissions from Spray Polyurethane Foam Insulation Economic Impact of Improved Service-Life Prediction for Seams in Low-Slope EPDM Roofing The Economics of Residential Fire Sprinklers and the Potential Impact of Recent Code Changes Roller Profile Development for an Axially Loaded, Single Row Spherical Roller Bearing in an Oscillating Application Characterization of Adhesive Joints for Hybrid Steel-Glass Beams by Means of Simplified Small Scale Tests
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
现在去查看 取消
×
提示
确定
0
微信
客服QQ
Book学术公众号 扫码关注我们
反馈
×
意见反馈
请填写您的意见或建议
请填写您的手机或邮箱
已复制链接
已复制链接
快去分享给好友吧!
我知道了
×
扫码分享
扫码分享
Book学术官方微信
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术
文献互助 智能选刊 最新文献 互助须知 联系我们:info@booksci.cn
Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。
Copyright © 2023 Book学术 All rights reserved.
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号 京ICP备2023020795号-1