Shiyang Tang, C. Tabor, K. Kalantar-zadeh, M. Dickey
{"title":"Gallium Liquid Metal: The Devil's Elixir","authors":"Shiyang Tang, C. Tabor, K. Kalantar-zadeh, M. Dickey","doi":"10.1146/ANNUREV-MATSCI-080819-125403","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Gallium is a metal that literally melts in your hand. It has low toxicity, near-zero vapor pressure, and a viscosity similar to water. Despite possessing a surface tension larger than any other liquid (near room temperature), gallium can form nonspherical shapes due to the thin, solid native oxide skin that forms rapidly in oxygen. These properties enable new ways to pattern metals (e.g., injection and printing) to create stretchable and soft devices with an unmatched combination of mechanical and electrical properties. The oxide skin can be transferred to other substrates and manipulated electrochemically to lower the interfacial tension to near zero. The reactivity of gallium can drive a wide range of reactions. The liquid state of gallium makes it easy to break into particles for making colloids and soft composites that have unusual properties due to the deformable nature of the filler. This review summarizes the truly unique and exciting properties of gallium liquid metals.","PeriodicalId":8055,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Materials Research","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.6000,"publicationDate":"2021-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"98","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Annual Review of Materials Research","FirstCategoryId":"88","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-MATSCI-080819-125403","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 98
Abstract
Gallium is a metal that literally melts in your hand. It has low toxicity, near-zero vapor pressure, and a viscosity similar to water. Despite possessing a surface tension larger than any other liquid (near room temperature), gallium can form nonspherical shapes due to the thin, solid native oxide skin that forms rapidly in oxygen. These properties enable new ways to pattern metals (e.g., injection and printing) to create stretchable and soft devices with an unmatched combination of mechanical and electrical properties. The oxide skin can be transferred to other substrates and manipulated electrochemically to lower the interfacial tension to near zero. The reactivity of gallium can drive a wide range of reactions. The liquid state of gallium makes it easy to break into particles for making colloids and soft composites that have unusual properties due to the deformable nature of the filler. This review summarizes the truly unique and exciting properties of gallium liquid metals.
期刊介绍：
The Annual Review of Materials Research, published since 1971, is a journal that covers significant developments in the field of materials research. It includes original methodologies, materials phenomena, material systems, and special keynote topics. The current volume of the journal has been converted from gated to open access through Annual Reviews' Subscribe to Open program, with all articles published under a CC BY license. The journal defines its scope as encompassing significant developments in materials science, including methodologies for studying materials and materials phenomena. It is indexed and abstracted in various databases, such as Scopus, Science Citation Index Expanded, Civil Engineering Abstracts, INSPEC, and Academic Search, among others.
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