Pub Date : 2024-08-05DOI: 10.1146/annurev-matsci-091522-024148
Intanon Lapkriengkri, Kaitlin R. Albanese, Andrew Rhode, Austin Cunniff, Angela A. Pitenis, Michael L. Chabinyc, Christopher M. Bates
Molecular architectures known as bottlebrush polymers provide unique opportunities to tune the structure and properties of soft materials with applications ranging from rubbers to thin films and composites. This review addresses recent developments and future opportunities in the field with an emphasis on materials science enabled by contemporary bottlebrush chemistry.
{"title":"Chemical Botany: Bottlebrush Polymers in Materials Science","authors":"Intanon Lapkriengkri, Kaitlin R. Albanese, Andrew Rhode, Austin Cunniff, Angela A. Pitenis, Michael L. Chabinyc, Christopher M. Bates","doi":"10.1146/annurev-matsci-091522-024148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-matsci-091522-024148","url":null,"abstract":"Molecular architectures known as bottlebrush polymers provide unique opportunities to tune the structure and properties of soft materials with applications ranging from rubbers to thin films and composites. This review addresses recent developments and future opportunities in the field with an emphasis on materials science enabled by contemporary bottlebrush chemistry.","PeriodicalId":8055,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Materials Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141938268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-29DOI: 10.1146/annurev-matsci-080222-123648
Dierk Raabe, Matic Jovičević-Klug, Dirk Ponge, Alexander Gramlich, Alisson Kwiatkowski da Silva, A. Nicholas Grundy, Hauke Springer, Isnaldi Souza Filho, Yan Ma
Steel production accounts for approximately 8% of all global CO2 emissions, with the primary steelmaking route using iron ores accounting for about 80% of those emissions, mainly due to the use of fossil-based reductants and fuel. Hydrogen-based reduction of iron oxide is an alternative for primary synthesis. However, to counteract global warming, decarbonization of the steel sector must proceed much faster than the ongoing transition kinetics in primary steelmaking. Insufficient supply of green hydrogen is a particular bottleneck. Realizing a higher fraction of secondary steelmaking thus is gaining momentum as a sustainable alternative to primary production. Steel production from scrap is well established for long products (rails, bars, wire), but there are two main challenges. First, there is not sufficient scrap available to satisfy market needs. Today, only one-third of global steel demand can be met by secondary metallurgy using scrap since many steel products have a lifetime of several decades. However, scrap availability will increase to about two-thirds of total demand by 2050 such that this sector will grow massively in the next decades. Second, scrap is often too contaminated to produce high-performance sheet steels. This is a serious obstacle because advanced products demand explicit low-tolerance specifications for safety-critical and high-strength steels, such as for electric vehicles, energy conversion and grids, high-speed trains, sustainable buildings, and infrastructure. Therefore, we review the metallurgical and microstructural challenges and opportunities for producing high-performance sheet steels via secondary synthesis. Focus is placed on the thermodynamic, kinetic, chemical, and microstructural fundamentals as well as the effects of scrap-related impurities on steel properties.
{"title":"Circular Steel for Fast Decarbonization: Thermodynamics, Kinetics, and Microstructure Behind Upcycling Scrap into High-Performance Sheet Steel","authors":"Dierk Raabe, Matic Jovičević-Klug, Dirk Ponge, Alexander Gramlich, Alisson Kwiatkowski da Silva, A. Nicholas Grundy, Hauke Springer, Isnaldi Souza Filho, Yan Ma","doi":"10.1146/annurev-matsci-080222-123648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-matsci-080222-123648","url":null,"abstract":"Steel production accounts for approximately 8% of all global CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> emissions, with the primary steelmaking route using iron ores accounting for about 80% of those emissions, mainly due to the use of fossil-based reductants and fuel. Hydrogen-based reduction of iron oxide is an alternative for primary synthesis. However, to counteract global warming, decarbonization of the steel sector must proceed much faster than the ongoing transition kinetics in primary steelmaking. Insufficient supply of green hydrogen is a particular bottleneck. Realizing a higher fraction of secondary steelmaking thus is gaining momentum as a sustainable alternative to primary production. Steel production from scrap is well established for long products (rails, bars, wire), but there are two main challenges. First, there is not sufficient scrap available to satisfy market needs. Today, only one-third of global steel demand can be met by secondary metallurgy using scrap since many steel products have a lifetime of several decades. However, scrap availability will increase to about two-thirds of total demand by 2050 such that this sector will grow massively in the next decades. Second, scrap is often too contaminated to produce high-performance sheet steels. This is a serious obstacle because advanced products demand explicit low-tolerance specifications for safety-critical and high-strength steels, such as for electric vehicles, energy conversion and grids, high-speed trains, sustainable buildings, and infrastructure. Therefore, we review the metallurgical and microstructural challenges and opportunities for producing high-performance sheet steels via secondary synthesis. Focus is placed on the thermodynamic, kinetic, chemical, and microstructural fundamentals as well as the effects of scrap-related impurities on steel properties.","PeriodicalId":8055,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Materials Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140841907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-25DOI: 10.1146/annurev-matsci-080222-030535
P. Khalili Amiri, Charudatta Phatak, G. Finocchio
This article examines recent advances in the field of antiferromagnetic spintronics from the perspective of potential device realization and applications. We discuss advances in the electrical control of antiferromagnetic order by current-induced spin–orbit torques, particularly in antiferromagnetic thin films interfaced with heavy metals. We also review possible scenarios for using voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy as a more efficient mechanism to control antiferromagnetic order in thin films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. Next, we discuss the problem of electrical detection (i.e., readout) of antiferromagnetic order and highlight recent experimental advances in realizing anomalous Hall and tunneling magnetoresistance effects in thin films and tunnel junctions, respectively, which are based on noncollinear antiferromagnets. Understanding the domain structure and dynamics of antiferromagnetic materials is essential for engineering their properties for applications. For this reason, we then provide an overview of imaging techniques as well as micromagnetic simulation approaches for antiferromagnets. Finally, we present a perspective on potential applications of antiferromagnets for magnetic memory devices, terahertz sources, and detectors.
{"title":"Prospects for Antiferromagnetic Spintronic Devices","authors":"P. Khalili Amiri, Charudatta Phatak, G. Finocchio","doi":"10.1146/annurev-matsci-080222-030535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-matsci-080222-030535","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines recent advances in the field of antiferromagnetic spintronics from the perspective of potential device realization and applications. We discuss advances in the electrical control of antiferromagnetic order by current-induced spin–orbit torques, particularly in antiferromagnetic thin films interfaced with heavy metals. We also review possible scenarios for using voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy as a more efficient mechanism to control antiferromagnetic order in thin films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. Next, we discuss the problem of electrical detection (i.e., readout) of antiferromagnetic order and highlight recent experimental advances in realizing anomalous Hall and tunneling magnetoresistance effects in thin films and tunnel junctions, respectively, which are based on noncollinear antiferromagnets. Understanding the domain structure and dynamics of antiferromagnetic materials is essential for engineering their properties for applications. For this reason, we then provide an overview of imaging techniques as well as micromagnetic simulation approaches for antiferromagnets. Finally, we present a perspective on potential applications of antiferromagnets for magnetic memory devices, terahertz sources, and detectors.","PeriodicalId":8055,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Materials Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140657198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-22DOI: 10.1146/annurev-matsci-080222-033548
Binghai Yan
In chemistry and biochemistry, chirality represents the structural asymmetry characterized by nonsuperimposable mirror images for a material such as DNA. In physics, however, chirality commonly refers to the spin–momentum locking of a particle or quasiparticle in the momentum space. While seemingly disconnected, structural chirality in molecules and crystals can drive electronic chirality through orbital–momentum locking; that is, chirality can be transferred from the atomic geometry to electronic orbitals. Electronic chirality provides an insightful understanding of chirality-induced spin selectivity, in which electrons exhibit salient spin polarization after going through a chiral material, and electrical magnetochiral anisotropy, which is characterized by diode-like transport. It further gives rise to new phenomena, such as anomalous circularly polarized light emission, in which the light handedness relies on the emission direction. These chirality-driven effects will generate broad impacts for fundamental science and technology applications in spintronics, optoelectronics, and biochemistry.
在化学和生物化学中，手性代表结构的不对称，其特征是 DNA 等材料的镜像不可叠加。而在物理学中，手性通常是指粒子或准粒子在动量空间中的自旋-动量锁定。分子和晶体中的结构手性看似互不关联，但却可以通过轨道动量锁定驱动电子手性；也就是说，手性可以从原子几何转移到电子轨道。电子手性为人们深入理解手性诱导的自旋选择性（电子通过手性材料后表现出显著的自旋极化）和电磁手性各向异性（其特点是二极管式传输）提供了可能。它还进一步产生了新的现象，如反常圆偏振光发射，其中光的手性取决于发射方向。这些手性驱动效应将对自旋电子学、光电子学和生物化学领域的基础科学和技术应用产生广泛影响。
{"title":"Structural Chirality and Electronic Chirality in Quantum Materials","authors":"Binghai Yan","doi":"10.1146/annurev-matsci-080222-033548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-matsci-080222-033548","url":null,"abstract":"In chemistry and biochemistry, chirality represents the structural asymmetry characterized by nonsuperimposable mirror images for a material such as DNA. In physics, however, chirality commonly refers to the spin–momentum locking of a particle or quasiparticle in the momentum space. While seemingly disconnected, structural chirality in molecules and crystals can drive electronic chirality through orbital–momentum locking; that is, chirality can be transferred from the atomic geometry to electronic orbitals. Electronic chirality provides an insightful understanding of chirality-induced spin selectivity, in which electrons exhibit salient spin polarization after going through a chiral material, and electrical magnetochiral anisotropy, which is characterized by diode-like transport. It further gives rise to new phenomena, such as anomalous circularly polarized light emission, in which the light handedness relies on the emission direction. These chirality-driven effects will generate broad impacts for fundamental science and technology applications in spintronics, optoelectronics, and biochemistry.","PeriodicalId":8055,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Materials Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140799288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-19DOI: 10.1146/annurev-matsci-080522-104112
Alexander Kraytsberg, Yair Ein-Eli
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are now widely exploited for multiple applications, from portable electronics to electric vehicles and storage of renewable energy. Along with improving battery performance, current research efforts are focused on diminishing the levelized cost of energy storage (LCOS), which has become increasingly important in light of the development of LIBs for large transport vehicles and power grid energy storage applications. Since LCOS depends on the battery's lifetime, understanding the mechanisms responsible for battery degradation and developing strategies to increase the lifetime of LIBs is very important. In this review, the latest developments related to the performance and degradation of the most common LIBs on the market are reviewed. The numerous processes underlying LIB degradation are described in terms of three degradation loss modes: loss of lithium inventory (LLI), active positive electrode material loss and degradation, and active negative electrode material loss and degradation. A strong emphasis is placed on the most recent strategies and tactics for LIB degradation mitigation.
{"title":"Degradation Processes in Current Commercialized Li-Ion Batteries and Strategies to Mitigate Them","authors":"Alexander Kraytsberg, Yair Ein-Eli","doi":"10.1146/annurev-matsci-080522-104112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-matsci-080522-104112","url":null,"abstract":"Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are now widely exploited for multiple applications, from portable electronics to electric vehicles and storage of renewable energy. Along with improving battery performance, current research efforts are focused on diminishing the levelized cost of energy storage (LCOS), which has become increasingly important in light of the development of LIBs for large transport vehicles and power grid energy storage applications. Since LCOS depends on the battery's lifetime, understanding the mechanisms responsible for battery degradation and developing strategies to increase the lifetime of LIBs is very important. In this review, the latest developments related to the performance and degradation of the most common LIBs on the market are reviewed. The numerous processes underlying LIB degradation are described in terms of three degradation loss modes: loss of lithium inventory (LLI), active positive electrode material loss and degradation, and active negative electrode material loss and degradation. A strong emphasis is placed on the most recent strategies and tactics for LIB degradation mitigation.","PeriodicalId":8055,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Materials Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140629015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-18DOI: 10.1146/annurev-matsci-080222-035533
Ashok S. Menon, Matthew J.W. Ogley, Annalena R. Genreith-Schriever, Clare P. Grey, Louis F.J. Piper
Current high-energy-density Li-ion batteries use stoichiometric Li 3d transition metal oxides as positive electrodes, which are conventionally described purely by transition-metal redox during routine operating windows. Their practical specific capacities (mAh/g) may be increased by widening their operational voltage window, using Li-excess compositions, or a combination of the two, both of which have shown increasing evidence of O participation in the charge-compensation mechanism. Understanding how this influences the electrochemical performance of these cathodes has been of great interest. Therefore, this review summarizes the current understanding of O participation in alkali-ion battery cathode charge compensation. Particular scrutiny is applied to the experimental observations and theoretical models used to explain the consequences of O participation in charge compensation. The charge-compensation mechanism of LiNiO2 is revisited to highlight the role of O hole formation during delithiation and is discussed within the wider context of Li-excess cathodes.
目前的高能量密度锂离子电池使用化学计量锂 3d 过渡金属氧化物作为正电极，在常规操作窗口期间，传统上只用过渡金属氧化还原法来描述。它们的实际比容量（毫安时/克）可以通过拓宽工作电压窗口、使用锂增量成分或两者结合来提高。了解这如何影响这些阴极的电化学性能一直是人们非常感兴趣的问题。因此，本综述总结了目前对 O 参与碱性离子电池阴极电荷补偿的理解。本综述对用于解释 O 参与电荷补偿后果的实验观察结果和理论模型进行了仔细研究。文章重新审视了 LiNiO2 的电荷补偿机制，强调了脱硫化过程中 O 孔形成的作用，并在更广泛的锂离子阴极背景下进行了讨论。
{"title":"Oxygen Redox in Alkali-Ion Battery Cathodes","authors":"Ashok S. Menon, Matthew J.W. Ogley, Annalena R. Genreith-Schriever, Clare P. Grey, Louis F.J. Piper","doi":"10.1146/annurev-matsci-080222-035533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-matsci-080222-035533","url":null,"abstract":"Current high-energy-density Li-ion batteries use stoichiometric Li 3d transition metal oxides as positive electrodes, which are conventionally described purely by transition-metal redox during routine operating windows. Their practical specific capacities (mAh/g) may be increased by widening their operational voltage window, using Li-excess compositions, or a combination of the two, both of which have shown increasing evidence of O participation in the charge-compensation mechanism. Understanding how this influences the electrochemical performance of these cathodes has been of great interest. Therefore, this review summarizes the current understanding of O participation in alkali-ion battery cathode charge compensation. Particular scrutiny is applied to the experimental observations and theoretical models used to explain the consequences of O participation in charge compensation. The charge-compensation mechanism of LiNiO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> is revisited to highlight the role of O hole formation during delithiation and is discussed within the wider context of Li-excess cathodes.","PeriodicalId":8055,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Materials Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140629041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-15DOI: 10.1146/annurev-matsci-080222-101859
Anton Hohenwarter, Thomas Leitner, Reinhard Pippan
The fundamentals of our understanding of fatigue crack propagation were formed more than 60 years ago by Paul C. Paris. Since then, the run toward new metallic materials and alloys with ever finer-grained microstructures has had a large impact on research. Along with enormous variation of the microstructural length scales (i.e., grain size), the essential parameters for the description of fatigue crack growth, such as the crack propagation rate and plastic zone size, also exhibit an immense change from the subnanometer to the micrometer regime. These enormous variations in the fatigue crack growth behavior's controlling parameters motivate this contribution. This article presents an overview of the effect of grain size, from the millimeter to the nanometer grain-size regime, on fatigue crack propagation of mainly ductile metals and alloys with an attempt to summarize the most important findings and underlying physical phenomena, including with respect to selected materials such as pure iron, nickel, and austenitic and pearlitic steel.
我们对疲劳裂纹扩展的基本认识是在 60 多年前由保罗-C-帕里斯（Paul C. Paris）形成的。从那时起，微观结构越来越细的新型金属材料和合金对研究产生了巨大影响。随着微结构长度尺度（即晶粒尺寸）的巨大变化，描述疲劳裂纹生长的基本参数，如裂纹扩展速率和塑性区尺寸，也从亚纳米级到微米级发生了巨大变化。疲劳裂纹生长行为控制参数的这些巨大变化促成了本文的发表。本文概述了从毫米到纳米晶粒尺寸体系的晶粒尺寸对主要是韧性金属和合金的疲劳裂纹扩展的影响，并试图总结最重要的发现和基本物理现象，包括选定材料，如纯铁、镍、奥氏体钢和珠光体钢。
{"title":"Fatigue Crack Propagation Across the Multiple Length Scales of Technically Relevant Metallic Materials","authors":"Anton Hohenwarter, Thomas Leitner, Reinhard Pippan","doi":"10.1146/annurev-matsci-080222-101859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-matsci-080222-101859","url":null,"abstract":"The fundamentals of our understanding of fatigue crack propagation were formed more than 60 years ago by Paul C. Paris. Since then, the run toward new metallic materials and alloys with ever finer-grained microstructures has had a large impact on research. Along with enormous variation of the microstructural length scales (i.e., grain size), the essential parameters for the description of fatigue crack growth, such as the crack propagation rate and plastic zone size, also exhibit an immense change from the subnanometer to the micrometer regime. These enormous variations in the fatigue crack growth behavior's controlling parameters motivate this contribution. This article presents an overview of the effect of grain size, from the millimeter to the nanometer grain-size regime, on fatigue crack propagation of mainly ductile metals and alloys with an attempt to summarize the most important findings and underlying physical phenomena, including with respect to selected materials such as pure iron, nickel, and austenitic and pearlitic steel.","PeriodicalId":8055,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Materials Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140597279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-15DOI: 10.1146/annurev-matsci-080921-084430
Robert Brooke, Karishma Jain, Patrik Isacsson, Andreas Fall, Isak Engquist, Valerio Beni, Lars Wågberg, Hjalmar Granberg, Ursula Hass, Jesper Edberg
With the increasing global demand for net-zero carbon emissions, actions to address climate change have gained momentum among policymakers and the public. The urgent need for a sustainable economy is underscored by the mounting waste crisis in landfills and oceans. However, the proliferation of distributed electronic devices poses a significant challenge due to the resulting electronic waste. To combat this issue, the development of sustainable and environmentally friendly materials for these devices is imperative. Cellulose, an abundant and CO2-neutral substance with a long history of diverse applications, holds great potential. By integrating electrically interactive components with cellulosic materials, innovative biobased composites have been created, enabling the fabrication of bulk electroactive paper and the establishment of new, potentially more sustainable manufacturing processes for electronic devices. This review explores recent advances in bulk electroactive paper, including the fundamental interactions between its constituents, manufacturing techniques, and large-scale applications in the field of electronics. Furthermore, it addresses the importance and challenges of scaling up production of electroactive paper, highlighting the need for further research and development.
{"title":"Digital Cellulose: Recent Advances in Electroactive Paper","authors":"Robert Brooke, Karishma Jain, Patrik Isacsson, Andreas Fall, Isak Engquist, Valerio Beni, Lars Wågberg, Hjalmar Granberg, Ursula Hass, Jesper Edberg","doi":"10.1146/annurev-matsci-080921-084430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-matsci-080921-084430","url":null,"abstract":"With the increasing global demand for net-zero carbon emissions, actions to address climate change have gained momentum among policymakers and the public. The urgent need for a sustainable economy is underscored by the mounting waste crisis in landfills and oceans. However, the proliferation of distributed electronic devices poses a significant challenge due to the resulting electronic waste. To combat this issue, the development of sustainable and environmentally friendly materials for these devices is imperative. Cellulose, an abundant and CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>-neutral substance with a long history of diverse applications, holds great potential. By integrating electrically interactive components with cellulosic materials, innovative biobased composites have been created, enabling the fabrication of bulk electroactive paper and the establishment of new, potentially more sustainable manufacturing processes for electronic devices. This review explores recent advances in bulk electroactive paper, including the fundamental interactions between its constituents, manufacturing techniques, and large-scale applications in the field of electronics. Furthermore, it addresses the importance and challenges of scaling up production of electroactive paper, highlighting the need for further research and development.","PeriodicalId":8055,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Materials Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140597604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-11DOI: 10.1146/annurev-matsci-080921-104058
Masataka Higashiwaki, Man Hoi Wong
Beta-gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3) is a material with a history of research and development spanning about 70 years; however, it has attracted little attention as a semiconductor for a long time. The situation has changed completely in the last ten years, and the world has seen increasing demand for active research and development of both materials and devices. Many of its distinctive physical properties are attributed to its very large bandgap energy of 4.5 eV. Another important feature is that it is possible to grow large bulk single crystals by melt growth. In this article, we first discuss the physical properties of β-Ga2O3, which are mainly important for electronic device applications, bulk melt growth, and thin-film epitaxial growth technologies. Then, state-of-the-art β-Ga2O3 transistor and diode technologies are discussed.
β-氧化镓（β-Ga2O3）是一种具有约 70 年研究和开发历史的材料；然而，长期以来，它作为一种半导体却很少受到关注。近十年来，情况发生了翻天覆地的变化，全球对材料和器件的积极研发需求与日俱增。它的许多独特物理性质都归功于其 4.5 eV 的超大带隙能。它的另一个重要特点是可以通过熔融生长的方法培育出大块单晶体。在本文中，我们首先讨论了β-Ga2O3 的物理特性，这些特性对电子器件应用、块体熔融生长和薄膜外延生长技术非常重要。然后，讨论了最先进的 β-Ga2O3 晶体管和二极管技术。
{"title":"Beta-Gallium Oxide Material and Device Technologies","authors":"Masataka Higashiwaki, Man Hoi Wong","doi":"10.1146/annurev-matsci-080921-104058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-matsci-080921-104058","url":null,"abstract":"Beta-gallium oxide (β-Ga<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>) is a material with a history of research and development spanning about 70 years; however, it has attracted little attention as a semiconductor for a long time. The situation has changed completely in the last ten years, and the world has seen increasing demand for active research and development of both materials and devices. Many of its distinctive physical properties are attributed to its very large bandgap energy of 4.5 eV. Another important feature is that it is possible to grow large bulk single crystals by melt growth. In this article, we first discuss the physical properties of β-Ga<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>, which are mainly important for electronic device applications, bulk melt growth, and thin-film epitaxial growth technologies. Then, state-of-the-art β-Ga<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3</jats:sub> transistor and diode technologies are discussed.","PeriodicalId":8055,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Materials Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140597281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-21DOI: 10.1146/annurev-matsci-080222-105636
Yingtong Luo, Alexander B. Cook, Loai K.E.A. Abdelmohsen, Jan C.M. van Hest
Polymer vesicles and lipid nanoparticles are supramolecular structures with similar physicochemical properties that are self-assembled from different amphiphilic molecules. Because of their efficient drug encapsulation capability, they are good candidates for drug delivery systems. In recent years, nanoparticles with different compositions, sizes, and morphologies have been applied to the delivery of a wide variety of different therapeutic molecules, such as nucleic acids, proteins, and enzymes; their remarkable chemical versatility allows for customization to specific biological applications. In this review, design approaches for polymer vesicles and lipid nanoparticles are summarized with representative examples in terms of their physicochemical properties (size, shape, and mechanical features), preparation strategies (film rehydration, solvent switch, and nanoprecipitation), and applications (with a focus on diagnosis, imaging, and RNA-based therapy). Finally, the challenges limiting the transition from laboratory to clinical application and future perspectives are discussed.Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Materials Research, Volume 54 is July 2024. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"Polymer Vesicles and Lipid Nanoparticles","authors":"Yingtong Luo, Alexander B. Cook, Loai K.E.A. Abdelmohsen, Jan C.M. van Hest","doi":"10.1146/annurev-matsci-080222-105636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-matsci-080222-105636","url":null,"abstract":"Polymer vesicles and lipid nanoparticles are supramolecular structures with similar physicochemical properties that are self-assembled from different amphiphilic molecules. Because of their efficient drug encapsulation capability, they are good candidates for drug delivery systems. In recent years, nanoparticles with different compositions, sizes, and morphologies have been applied to the delivery of a wide variety of different therapeutic molecules, such as nucleic acids, proteins, and enzymes; their remarkable chemical versatility allows for customization to specific biological applications. In this review, design approaches for polymer vesicles and lipid nanoparticles are summarized with representative examples in terms of their physicochemical properties (size, shape, and mechanical features), preparation strategies (film rehydration, solvent switch, and nanoprecipitation), and applications (with a focus on diagnosis, imaging, and RNA-based therapy). Finally, the challenges limiting the transition from laboratory to clinical application and future perspectives are discussed.Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Materials Research, Volume 54 is July 2024. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":8055,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Materials Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139926510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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