Cautious Optimism

Abstract

Surgeons must balance the infection risk associated with fresh-frozen allograft tissue with the potential biomechanical inferiority of terminally irradiated tissue. The authors of the present study have made strides toward identifying a compromise between sterility and stability. We would suggest to the readers, however, that these are biomechanical results from the laboratory and do not represent patient outcomes. Thus, before the implementation of electron beam (e-beam) sterilization strategies, in vivo animal models should be investigated for biomechanical durability and histologic incorporation. ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) reconstruction involving allograft tissue has seen marked fluctuation with regard to use, acceptance, and excitement. Initially, allografts seemed to be the answer to reducing perioperative pain, limiting morbidity, and hastening recovery. This early enthusiasm has more recently been tempered by studies reporting significantly higher revision rates for ACL reconstructions performed with allograft compared with autograft tissue. The MOON group determined that use of allograft was a predictor of worse outcomes for the IKDC (International Knee Documentation Committee) questionnaire and KOOS (Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score) and that the odds of revision were four times higher among those who underwent ACL reconstruction with allograft compared with autograft. A meta-analysis of 5182 patients reported a threefold increase in the rerupture rate for BTB (bone-patellar tendon-bone) allograft reconstruction (12.7%) compared with BTB autograft (4.4%). A Canadian study involving nearly 13,000 ACL reconstructions indicated that allograft use was an independent risk factor for revision within five years. Another study of 122 military cadets who had undergone ACL reconstruction prior to matriculation demonstrated that those who underwent allograft reconstruction were 7.7 times more likely to undergo subsequent revision. When reading the above studies, it is important to remember that these were often mixed cohorts with regard to graft fixation and, perhaps more importantly, allograft processing. The critical question remains: Is the problem the allograft tissue itself or the manner in which it is processed? Although this answer remains elusive, the authors of the present study have made a valiant effort to address this question. It would appear that processing does play a role in graft failure. For example, high-dose gamma irradiation has been demonstrated to have detrimental effects on the biomechanical properties of grafts. In response, some surgeons have traded the biomechanical risk for infection and immunologic risks—turning to fresh-frozen, nonirradiated, allograft tissue. This exodus is supported by several recent clinical outcomes studies. A systematic review, for example, revealed no difference between autograft and non-chemically processed, nonirradiated allograft. Mariscalco et al. identified nine prospective or retrospective comparative studies that compared autograft with nonirradiated allograft ACL reconstruction and failed to identify any significant differences between graft types with regard to failure, instrumented laxity, or subjective outcome measures. Another study of a younger population (less than twenty-five years old) retrospectively compared fifty-three patients who underwent BTB autograft with twenty-eight patients who underwent nonprocessed BTB allograft reconstruction and also found no difference with regard to the aforementioned outcome measures. Guo et al. identified three cases of acute synovitis that they believed were secondary to immunologic rejection among thirty-three patients who underwent fresh-frozen allograft ACL reconstruction. Is there a compromise that could reduce infection and immunogenicity while preserving mechanical properties? Perhaps e-beam irradiation is the solution. In fact, e-beam irradiation was shown previously to more closely preserve graft properties compared with gamma irradiation. The follow-up study, however, demonstrated adverse biomechanical effects of high-dose e-beam irradiation in an in vivo sheep ACL model. Other investigators found that allografts treated with low, moderate, and even high-dose gamma irradiation had comparable biomechanical properties to nonprocessed allograft in the laboratory, but the clinical outcomes in patients have not supported this method for allograft sterilization. e142(1)