Produced Water Quality: Uncovering the Effects of Centrifugation for Water and Chemical Floods Using a Dispersion Analyzer

J. Almorihil, A. Alsmaeil, Z. Kaidar, A. AlSofi
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Abstract

A second stage of gravity settling with the addition of demulsifiers or clarifiers is commonly used in processing plants to further treat the separated produced water. In previous work, we demonstrated gravity settling lower efficiency in removing oil carryover from produced water compared to other processing techniques. Both centrifugation and filtration were found to significantly improve the separated water quality. In this work, we focus on centrifugation and further evaluate its efficiency in improving the quality of separated water for both water and chemical floods, specifically surfactant/polymer (SP) flooding. Samples were firstly prepared to imitate the separation plant projected feed and operations. Synthetic representative brines were prepared and used with dead crude oil to prepare the oil/water emulsions. Emulsion separation was conducted at different temperatures, as well as different concentrations of SP, and the demulsifier. The kinetics and efficiency of separation were thoroughly studied over two stages of separation: primary gravity settling and secondary centrifugation. We performed gravitational separation using bottle tests in order to firstly obtain the separated produced water for use in secondary water treatment studies and to secondly further investigate gravity settling kinetics and efficiency. Water quality, in terms of oil content, was then assessed through solvent extraction and UV analyses. Samples of the produced water separated by the primary gravity settling were then exposed to secondary centrifugation. Centrifugation was performed at different rotational speeds using a dispersion analyzer. Light transmission evolution in space and time was used to study kinetics, efficiency and mechanisms of secondary centrifugation. The results reconfirmed that a single-stage gravity settling is not sufficient to reduce oil carryover to acceptable levels for disposal and re-injection into oilfields. Secondary centrifugation yielded clear and significant improvement in water quality even in the presence of EOR chemicals. With centrifugation, the separation efficiency was a function of the rotational speed. Higher rotational speeds resulted in higher creaming velocities and faster separation. In addition, creaming velocities indicated that higher temperatures yield favorable effects on oil droplets migration and separation rates. This is possibly due to the lower density and larger bouncy at higher temperatures. Based on these results, we conclude that secondary centrifugation is very efficient and effective in improving the quality of separated water. In terms of the effects of investigated EOR formulations, SP addition caused minor but manageable reduction in separated water quality at a level that would not harm conventional disposal practices.
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采出水质:利用分散分析仪揭示离心对水和化学洪水的影响
第二阶段的重力沉降,加入破乳剂或澄清剂,通常用于加工厂进一步处理分离出的产出水。在之前的工作中,我们证明了与其他处理技术相比,重力沉降去除采出水中剩余油的效率较低。离心和过滤均能显著改善分离后的水质。在这项工作中,我们将重点放在离心上,并进一步评估其在提高水驱和化学驱(特别是表面活性剂/聚合物(SP)驱)分离水质量方面的效率。首先制备样品,模拟分离装置的预投料和操作。制备了具有代表性的合成卤水,并与死态原油一起制备了油水乳液。在不同温度、不同SP浓度、不同破乳剂浓度下进行乳状液分离。在分离的两个阶段:一次重力沉降和二次离心分离动力学和效率进行了深入的研究。为了获得分离后的产出水用于二次水处理研究,为了进一步研究重力沉降动力学和效率,我们采用了瓶子试验进行了重力分离。然后通过溶剂萃取和紫外线分析来评估水质的含油量。通过一次重力沉降分离的采出水样品,然后暴露于二次离心。用分散分析仪在不同转速下进行离心。利用光在空间和时间上的透射演化来研究二次离心的动力学、效率和机理。结果再次证实,单级重力沉降不足以将剩余油减少到可接受的水平,以便处理和回注油田。即使在EOR化学品存在的情况下,二次离心也能明显改善水质。在离心分离法中,分离效率是转速的函数。转速越高,乳化速度越快,分离速度越快。此外,乳化速度表明,较高的温度对油滴迁移和分离速度有有利的影响。这可能是由于较低的密度和较大的弹性在较高的温度。结果表明,二次离心对提高分离水的质量是非常有效的。就所研究的提高采收率配方的影响而言,SP的加入对分离水质的影响很小,但在可控范围内,不会影响传统的处理方法。
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