Bioimpedance Measurement of Avocado Fruit Using Magnetic Induction Spectroscopy

Michael D. O'Toole;Marcin Glowacz;Anthony J. Peyton
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Abstract

Avocado fruit is a popular, nutritious, and commercially valuable product that, with a short window of ripeness and heterogeneous maturity, presents particular challenges when bringing to market. There is significant value in being able to measure avocado fruit ripeness and maturity, especially nondestructively, with the prospect of improvements in consignment management, food loss, and consumer satisfaction. In this article, we explore the bioimpedance spectra of avocado fruit. Bioimpedance has been found to correlate with ripeness in avocado fruit over a frequency range termed the $\beta$ -dispersion where cell polarization effects are significant. Our contribution is to use magnetic induction spectroscopy to measure conductivity across this range, an entirely noncontact method that uses eddy currents induced in the fruit flesh by magnetic fields rather than penetrative or surface electrodes as in previous work. We were able to measure a clear $\beta$ -dispersion curve, finding fruit conductivity rising from $\sim$ 0.6 mS/cm at 100 kHz to $\sim$ 4 mS/cm at 10 MHz. This agrees with the literature at higher and lower frequencies, and completes a gap in the spectra not previously reported. Further, we find evidence of changes to the conductivity spectra as the fruit ages and ripens, with the spectra broadly flattening according to a set of identified trends. This indicates a relation between bioimpedance spectra and ripeness, although high intersample variability precludes the spectra as a direct estimation technique at this stage.
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利用磁感应光谱学测量鳄梨果实的生物阻抗
牛油果是一种广受欢迎、营养丰富且具有商业价值的产品,由于成熟期短且成熟度参差不齐,在推向市场时面临着特殊的挑战。能够测量牛油果果实的成熟度和成熟度具有重要价值,尤其是非破坏性测量,有望改善托运管理、食品损耗和消费者满意度。本文将探讨牛油果果实的生物阻抗光谱。生物阻抗与牛油果果实的成熟度相关,其频率范围被称为 $\beta$ 分散,在该频率范围内细胞极化效应显著。我们的贡献是使用磁感应光谱法测量这一范围内的电导率,这是一种完全非接触式的方法,使用磁场在果肉中引起的涡流,而不是以前工作中的穿透电极或表面电极。我们能够测量一条清晰的 $\beta$ 分散曲线,发现水果的电导率从 100 kHz 时的 $\sim$0.6 mS/cm 上升到 10 MHz 时的 $\sim$4 mS/cm。这与文献中更高和更低频率的结果一致,并填补了以前未报道过的光谱空白。此外,我们发现有证据表明,随着果实的老化和成熟,电导率光谱也会发生变化,光谱会根据一系列已确定的趋势大致变平。这表明生物阻抗光谱与成熟度之间存在关系,尽管样本间的高变异性排除了在现阶段将光谱作为直接估算技术的可能性。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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2024 Index IEEE Transactions on AgriFood Electronics Vol. 2 Table of Contents Front Cover IEEE Circuits and Systems Society Information IEEE Circuits and Systems Society Information
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