Grapevine trunk disease in German viticulture IV. Spreading of spores of the Esca related fungus Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and the occurrence of foliar Esca-symptoms in German vineyards

M. Molnar, R. Voegele, M. Fischer
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引用次数: 2

Abstract

The anamorphic fungus Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (Pch), related to Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) such as "Petri disease" and Esca, was originally restricted to the Mediterranean area but can now be found worldwide. GTDs are the most destructive diseases in vineyards causing high losses every year. As there are no effective fungicides available it is important to understand the epidemiology of this fungus. To investigate the occurrence and distribution of Pch in the field, spore traps were placed in two selected vineyards located at the Julius Kuhn-Institut (JKI) in Siebeldingen, Germany, for three consecutive years. Plots were planted with cultivars 'Chardonnay' and the fungus resistant cultivar 'Phoenix'. Analysis of the traps was performed by a specifically developed nested-PCR approach. As a result it was proven that Pch is present in the vineyards throughout the whole year, including wintertime. The occurrence of Pch conidia during the winter months is a central issue as the annual pruning of vines is done in the winter season and pruning wounds are supposed to be the main entry point for this pathogen. During the three year survey also symptom appearance, both chronic and apoplectic, on leaves as well as weather conditions have been recorded. Symptoms were evident in both vineyards; however, no clear correlation was obtained between symptoms and spore flight. High temperatures combined with low humidity may have a negative impact on spore dispersal, while cold temperatures such as in wintertime have no negative effect on the appearance of spores.
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德国葡萄栽培中的葡萄树干病IV.衣孢子肺炎相关真菌孢子的传播和德国葡萄园叶面Esca症状的发生
变形真菌衣孢Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (Pch)与葡萄树干病(GTDs)如“Petri病”和Esca有关,最初仅限于地中海地区,但现在可以在世界范围内发现。gtd是葡萄园中最具破坏性的病害,每年造成巨大的损失。由于没有有效的杀菌剂,了解这种真菌的流行病学是很重要的。为了调查Pch在田间的发生和分布情况,我们连续三年在德国西伯丁根朱利叶斯库恩研究所(JKI)的两个葡萄园中放置了孢子诱捕器。种植了品种“霞多丽”和抗真菌品种“凤凰”。陷阱的分析是通过专门开发的巢式pcr方法进行的。结果证明,Pch全年都存在于葡萄园中,包括冬季。Pch分生孢子在冬季的发生是一个中心问题,因为每年的葡萄藤修剪是在冬季进行的,修剪伤口应该是这种病原体的主要入口。在为期三年的调查中,还记录了叶片上慢性和中风症状的出现以及天气条件。两个葡萄园的症状都很明显;然而,症状与孢子逃逸之间没有明确的相关性。高温与低湿相结合可能对孢子的扩散产生负面影响,而冬季等低温对孢子的外观没有负面影响。
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