Pub Date : 2021-10-26DOI: 10.5073/VITIS.2021.60.195-206
M. D. Rossarolla, T. C. Tomazetti, L. Welter, H. P. Santos, M. Stefanini, O. Trapp, M. P. Guerra, R. Nodari
The present study aimed to investigate plant defense related pathways during Plasmopara viticola infection in Vitis vinifera varieties. Plant material consisted of 'Chardonnay' (no Rpv), 'Regent' (Rpv3-1), 'Bronner' (Rpv3-3+Rpv10), 'Calardis Blanc' (Rpv3-1+Rpv3-2), and the breeding selection GF15 (Rpv1+Rpv3-1). Gene expression analysis was carried out for the varieties 'Regent', GF15, 'Bronner', and 'Chardonnay'. Hormonal quantification was performed for jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), abscisic acid (ABA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and trans-zeatin-ribose (tZR). The samples were collected from plants cultivated in vitro inoculated with Plasmopara viticola sporangia, and collected at 0, 1-, 3-, 5-, and 7-days post inoculation (DPI) for gene expression; and 0, 3, 5, and 7 DPI for hormonal quantification. The results showed an interaction between genotype and time post inoculation in gene expression and hormonal pathways linked with pathogen recognition. Both jasmonate and salicylic acids were involved in the resistance response. The role of stilbenes acting against the pathogen at different times was also confirmed. Changes in the expression of genes linked to cell defense were observed in all evaluated genotypes; however, genotypes with R-loci responded more quickly than the variety without R-loci, activating mechanisms of cell death, resulting in symptoms of hypersensitivity.
{"title":"The interplay between hormone signaling and defense gene expression in grapevine genotypes carrying genetic resistance against Plasmopara viticola","authors":"M. D. Rossarolla, T. C. Tomazetti, L. Welter, H. P. Santos, M. Stefanini, O. Trapp, M. P. Guerra, R. Nodari","doi":"10.5073/VITIS.2021.60.195-206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5073/VITIS.2021.60.195-206","url":null,"abstract":"The present study aimed to investigate plant defense related pathways during Plasmopara viticola infection in Vitis vinifera varieties. Plant material consisted of 'Chardonnay' (no Rpv), 'Regent' (Rpv3-1), 'Bronner' (Rpv3-3+Rpv10), 'Calardis Blanc' (Rpv3-1+Rpv3-2), and the breeding selection GF15 (Rpv1+Rpv3-1). Gene expression analysis was carried out for the varieties 'Regent', GF15, 'Bronner', and 'Chardonnay'. Hormonal quantification was performed for jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), abscisic acid (ABA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and trans-zeatin-ribose (tZR). The samples were collected from plants cultivated in vitro inoculated with Plasmopara viticola sporangia, and collected at 0, 1-, 3-, 5-, and 7-days post inoculation (DPI) for gene expression; and 0, 3, 5, and 7 DPI for hormonal quantification. The results showed an interaction between genotype and time post inoculation in gene expression and hormonal pathways linked with pathogen recognition. Both jasmonate and salicylic acids were involved in the resistance response. The role of stilbenes acting against the pathogen at different times was also confirmed. Changes in the expression of genes linked to cell defense were observed in all evaluated genotypes; however, genotypes with R-loci responded more quickly than the variety without R-loci, activating mechanisms of cell death, resulting in symptoms of hypersensitivity.","PeriodicalId":23613,"journal":{"name":"Vitis: Journal of Grapevine Research","volume":"83 1","pages":"195-206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80358516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-26DOI: 10.5073/VITIS.2021.60.169-178
Gavin Duley
Viticulture is particularly sensitive to climate change, as temperature is critical to the two key concepts of terroir and vintage. Vitis vinifera L. 'Pinot Noir' is known to not grow well in hot climates. A trial was run over two years in a commercial vineyard in the Adelaide Hills, South Australia, to determine the impact of higher temperatures on the 'Pinot Noir' grape and wine colour. A factorial experiment combining two sources of variation in temperature was established: three positions on a steep vineyard slope, and two thermal treatments: unheated control and heated with passive open-top transparent chambers. Elevated temperature decoupled sugars and anthocyanins in grape berries, with the heated treatment grapes producing a lower anthocyanin concentration for the same concentration of total soluble solids. Temperature effects were less defined for small batches of wines prepared from these grapes, with the wines from heated vines having higher total phenolics, and perhaps consequently lower CIELab b* values (i.e., less blue pigmentation/anthocyanins). The study provides a unique insight into temperature gradients on a steeply sloping site and the effects on colour development of 'Pinot Noir' grape berries and wine.
{"title":"The impact of temperature on 'Pinot Noir' berry and wine quality in a steeply sloping cool climate vineyard in South Australia","authors":"Gavin Duley","doi":"10.5073/VITIS.2021.60.169-178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5073/VITIS.2021.60.169-178","url":null,"abstract":"Viticulture is particularly sensitive to climate change, as temperature is critical to the two key concepts of terroir and vintage. Vitis vinifera L. 'Pinot Noir' is known to not grow well in hot climates. A trial was run over two years in a commercial vineyard in the Adelaide Hills, South Australia, to determine the impact of higher temperatures on the 'Pinot Noir' grape and wine colour. A factorial experiment combining two sources of variation in temperature was established: three positions on a steep vineyard slope, and two thermal treatments: unheated control and heated with passive open-top transparent chambers. Elevated temperature decoupled sugars and anthocyanins in grape berries, with the heated treatment grapes producing a lower anthocyanin concentration for the same concentration of total soluble solids. Temperature effects were less defined for small batches of wines prepared from these grapes, with the wines from heated vines having higher total phenolics, and perhaps consequently lower CIELab b* values (i.e., less blue pigmentation/anthocyanins). The study provides a unique insight into temperature gradients on a steeply sloping site and the effects on colour development of 'Pinot Noir' grape berries and wine.","PeriodicalId":23613,"journal":{"name":"Vitis: Journal of Grapevine Research","volume":"261 1","pages":"169-178"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79644699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-26DOI: 10.5073/VITIS.2021.60.153-161
G. Palai, R. Gucci, G. Caruso, C. D'onofrio
Reduced summer precipitations and higher evapotranspiration due to elevated temperatures are expected to enhance the impact of water deficit in modern viticulture. We investigated the effect of the timing of deficit irrigation on vine growth, water relations, yield and grape composition in 'Merlot' vines grafted on 1103P or SO4. In both years we did not measure any differences between rootstocks in stem water potential (SWP). Vegetative growth was decreased by the restriction of irrigation between fruit set and veraison. Stomatal conductance (gs) was affected by irrigation, but not by the rootstock. During the pre-veraison period there was a clear inverse relationship between gs and SWP. The leaf non photochemical quenching readily responded to the stress imposed on 1103P rootstock. Vines subjected to water deficit between fruit set and veraison produced smaller berries than well irrigated ones, whereas deficit applied after veraison determined about 10 % differences in berry weight. The highest and lowest values of pH and TA were measured in berries from pre-veraison deficit irrigated vines grafted on both 1103P and SO4, respectively.
{"title":"Physiological changes induced by either pre- or post-veraison deficit irrigation in 'Merlot' vines grafted on two different rootstocks","authors":"G. Palai, R. Gucci, G. Caruso, C. D'onofrio","doi":"10.5073/VITIS.2021.60.153-161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5073/VITIS.2021.60.153-161","url":null,"abstract":"Reduced summer precipitations and higher evapotranspiration due to elevated temperatures are expected to enhance the impact of water deficit in modern viticulture. We investigated the effect of the timing of deficit irrigation on vine growth, water relations, yield and grape composition in 'Merlot' vines grafted on 1103P or SO4. In both years we did not measure any differences between rootstocks in stem water potential (SWP). Vegetative growth was decreased by the restriction of irrigation between fruit set and veraison. Stomatal conductance (gs) was affected by irrigation, but not by the rootstock. During the pre-veraison period there was a clear inverse relationship between gs and SWP. The leaf non photochemical quenching readily responded to the stress imposed on 1103P rootstock. Vines subjected to water deficit between fruit set and veraison produced smaller berries than well irrigated ones, whereas deficit applied after veraison determined about 10 % differences in berry weight. The highest and lowest values of pH and TA were measured in berries from pre-veraison deficit irrigated vines grafted on both 1103P and SO4, respectively.","PeriodicalId":23613,"journal":{"name":"Vitis: Journal of Grapevine Research","volume":"457 1","pages":"153-161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82960671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-26DOI: 10.5073/VITIS.2021.60.163-168
N. Shakulashvili, T. Chavchanidze, N. Ksovreli
The authenticity of grape cultivars is an important tool for wine controlling systems. The identification of red grape cultivars by wine anthocyanin spectra is a well-known method, but the analysis of applied parameters does not produce exact results. This work aimed at identifying substantive parameters, which, if applied simultaneously, will allow identifying numerous cultivars with high certainty. Liquid chromatography has been applied to obtain anthocyanin profiles of single-cultivar red wines made of various cultivars. Ratios of the peak areas of individual anthocyanins were identified. The proportions of anthocyanins depend on many factors, but their constancy is predetermined genetically. Certain ratios of peak areas of individual anthocyanins can be estimated as constant and typical for concrete cultivars. Revealed combinations of three ratios were estimated as unique for each cultivar. Moreover, different clones of certain cultivars have different combinations of constant ratios. Analysed samples were distributed in groups according to the combination of constancies of three ratios manifested in chromatographic peaks. The three-dimensional model produced allows data distribution in different groups. Each group corresponds to individual cultivars or different clones of one cultivar. Their belonging to concrete groups makes it possible to efficiently identify unknown single-cultivar wines and detect forgery.
{"title":"Three-dimensional approach for identification of red grape cultivars by fingerprint of wine anthocyanins","authors":"N. Shakulashvili, T. Chavchanidze, N. Ksovreli","doi":"10.5073/VITIS.2021.60.163-168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5073/VITIS.2021.60.163-168","url":null,"abstract":"The authenticity of grape cultivars is an important tool for wine controlling systems. The identification of red grape cultivars by wine anthocyanin spectra is a well-known method, but the analysis of applied parameters does not produce exact results. This work aimed at identifying substantive parameters, which, if applied simultaneously, will allow identifying numerous cultivars with high certainty. Liquid chromatography has been applied to obtain anthocyanin profiles of single-cultivar red wines made of various cultivars. Ratios of the peak areas of individual anthocyanins were identified. The proportions of anthocyanins depend on many factors, but their constancy is predetermined genetically. Certain ratios of peak areas of individual anthocyanins can be estimated as constant and typical for concrete cultivars. Revealed combinations of three ratios were estimated as unique for each cultivar. Moreover, different clones of certain cultivars have different combinations of constant ratios. Analysed samples were distributed in groups according to the combination of constancies of three ratios manifested in chromatographic peaks. The three-dimensional model produced allows data distribution in different groups. Each group corresponds to individual cultivars or different clones of one cultivar. Their belonging to concrete groups makes it possible to efficiently identify unknown single-cultivar wines and detect forgery.","PeriodicalId":23613,"journal":{"name":"Vitis: Journal of Grapevine Research","volume":"95 1","pages":"163-168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80116396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-12DOI: 10.5073/VITIS.2021.60.119-124
F. Toda
With the aim of delaying the ripening of grapes by around two months, a technique has been proposed based on forcing vine regrowth (Gu et al. 2012, Martinez de Toda et al. 2019). It is a bold method to fight against climate warming that could be only developed in really warm viticultural regions. It consists in shortening the growing shoots to several nodes with the aim of forcing vine regrowth; in order to force budbreak, shoot regrowth, and cropping, the source of inhibition needs to be eliminated and to this end, lateral shoots, leaves, and primary clusters, if they exist, are removed.But the main drawback of the forcing vine regrowth technique is loss of yield. In order to avoid this loss of yield and not to eliminate the primary clusters already formed in the main shoots, it is possible to force the development of buds of the fifth and sixth nodes, but maintaining the clusters of the main shoots. In this way, the yield of the forced buds would be added to the normal or primary yield of the shoots. The experiences carried out with 'Grenache', 'Tempranillo' and 'Maturana Tinta' varieties in La Rioja (Spain) are presented.
为了将葡萄成熟期推迟两个月左右，研究人员提出了一种基于强迫葡萄再生的技术(Gu et al. 2012, Martinez de Toda et al. 2019)。这是一种对抗气候变暖的大胆方法，只有在真正温暖的葡萄种植区才能发展。它包括缩短生长的芽到几个节，目的是迫使藤蔓再生;为了迫使发芽、新梢再生和种植，需要消除抑制源，为此目的，去除侧芽、叶片和初级簇，如果它们存在的话。但强迫葡萄再生技术的主要缺点是产量损失。为了避免这种产量损失，并且不消除主枝上已经形成的初级簇，可以强迫第五和第六节的芽发育，但保持主枝的簇。这样，强迫芽的产量将增加到芽的正常或初级产量。介绍了在西班牙拉里奥哈种植“歌海娜”、“丹魄”和“马图拉纳”的经验。
{"title":"Global warming allows two grape crops a year, with about two months apart in ripening dates and with very different grape composition - The forcing vine regrowth to obtain two crops a year","authors":"F. Toda","doi":"10.5073/VITIS.2021.60.119-124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5073/VITIS.2021.60.119-124","url":null,"abstract":"With the aim of delaying the ripening of grapes by around two months, a technique has been proposed based on forcing vine regrowth (Gu et al. 2012, Martinez de Toda et al. 2019). It is a bold method to fight against climate warming that could be only developed in really warm viticultural regions. It consists in shortening the growing shoots to several nodes with the aim of forcing vine regrowth; in order to force budbreak, shoot regrowth, and cropping, the source of inhibition needs to be eliminated and to this end, lateral shoots, leaves, and primary clusters, if they exist, are removed.But the main drawback of the forcing vine regrowth technique is loss of yield. In order to avoid this loss of yield and not to eliminate the primary clusters already formed in the main shoots, it is possible to force the development of buds of the fifth and sixth nodes, but maintaining the clusters of the main shoots. In this way, the yield of the forced buds would be added to the normal or primary yield of the shoots. The experiences carried out with 'Grenache', 'Tempranillo' and 'Maturana Tinta' varieties in La Rioja (Spain) are presented.","PeriodicalId":23613,"journal":{"name":"Vitis: Journal of Grapevine Research","volume":"20 12 1","pages":"119-124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82902905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-12DOI: 10.5073/VITIS.2021.60.109-117
V. Naor, T. Zahavi, R. Barkai, N. Weiss, Netta Mozes-Daube, O. Dror, C. Finkelstein, S. Aharon, Ofir Bahar, E. Zchori‐Fein, Lilach Iasur-Kruh
Yellows diseases in grapevine, associated with the presence of different phytoplasmas, are a major problem for growers, with no environmentally friendly means of control. Frateuria defendens (Frd), a bacterium with endophytic traits, has been shown to reduce yellows symptoms in grapevine plantlets under laboratory conditions. The objective of this study was to test whether similar effects could be achieved under field conditions. A trial was conducted in a heavily infected vineyard in northern Israel for two consecutive years. A suspension of Frd cells (108·mL-1) was applied bi-weekly by foliar spray on grapevines from bud burst to leaf senescence. Frd penetrated the leaves during the growing period but not during leaf senescence and could be detected in the leaves by PCR analysis up to 14 days post-spraying. The rate of yellows infection was lower in the treated grapevines compared to its increase in untreated grapevines and the yield of symptomatic plants was improved by 10 to 20 %. Taken together, the results suggest Frd acted as a biological control agent in vineyards under the experimental conditions tested.
{"title":"Frateuria defendens reduces yellows disease symptoms in grapevine under field conditions","authors":"V. Naor, T. Zahavi, R. Barkai, N. Weiss, Netta Mozes-Daube, O. Dror, C. Finkelstein, S. Aharon, Ofir Bahar, E. Zchori‐Fein, Lilach Iasur-Kruh","doi":"10.5073/VITIS.2021.60.109-117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5073/VITIS.2021.60.109-117","url":null,"abstract":"Yellows diseases in grapevine, associated with the presence of different phytoplasmas, are a major problem for growers, with no environmentally friendly means of control. Frateuria defendens (Frd), a bacterium with endophytic traits, has been shown to reduce yellows symptoms in grapevine plantlets under laboratory conditions. The objective of this study was to test whether similar effects could be achieved under field conditions. A trial was conducted in a heavily infected vineyard in northern Israel for two consecutive years. A suspension of Frd cells (108·mL-1) was applied bi-weekly by foliar spray on grapevines from bud burst to leaf senescence. Frd penetrated the leaves during the growing period but not during leaf senescence and could be detected in the leaves by PCR analysis up to 14 days post-spraying. The rate of yellows infection was lower in the treated grapevines compared to its increase in untreated grapevines and the yield of symptomatic plants was improved by 10 to 20 %. Taken together, the results suggest Frd acted as a biological control agent in vineyards under the experimental conditions tested.","PeriodicalId":23613,"journal":{"name":"Vitis: Journal of Grapevine Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"109-117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90284881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-12DOI: 10.5073/VITIS.2021.60.101-108
M. Fambrini, M. Landi, C. Pugliesi
Grapevine leaves are usually characterized by trichomes, specialized epidermal cells. They are interesting in ampelography and also important for the plant ecological responses in biotic and abiotic interactions. In nature, the trichome development is a genetic trait but it can be modified by pests as eriophyid mites. Colomerus vitis is quite common and its economic value is sometime substantial. Here, we studied the leaf erineum induced by C. vitis on 'Ansonica' ('Inzolia'), an important grapevine cultivar characterized by a low level of leaf trichome coating. To date, the interaction between C. vitis and grape has been investigated in few pedo-climatic conditions and no data are reported in 'Ansonica'. Therefore, our objectives were: (1) the analysis, in a Tuscan environment, of the morphology and histology of trichomes in 'Ansonica' leaves unaffected or affected by C. vitis; (2) evaluation, in mature leaves, of the effects of the mite both on pigment content and chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters. 'Ansonica' was devoid of glandular trichomes but it has been established the presence of few simple trichomes strictly associated with the veins. In the erineal sectors, a dense proliferation of simple trichomes in the abaxial epidermis and the development of hyperplasia in the adaxial surface were observed. Moreover, the leaf sections in the erineal regions were thicker due to an abnormal development of the lacunar parenchyma, and trichome proliferation was also extended to interveinal regions. Leaves with erinea showed a deficient content of carotenoids, in comparison to unaffected leaves. In 'Ansonica' leaves, C. vitis induced a decrease in the steady-state operational efficiency of photosystem II associated to a reduction in photochemical quenching and an increase in non-photochemical quenching values. In leaves with erinea, the reduction of photosystem II efficiency was extended to foliar areas not directly affected by galls. The collected results highlight that 'Ansonica' is susceptible to attacks by C. vitis and in the case of widespread leaf attacks the productive damage should not be underestimated.
{"title":"Erinea in the 'Ansonica' grapevine cultivar: trichome complement, histological effects and analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence in affected leaves","authors":"M. Fambrini, M. Landi, C. Pugliesi","doi":"10.5073/VITIS.2021.60.101-108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5073/VITIS.2021.60.101-108","url":null,"abstract":"Grapevine leaves are usually characterized by trichomes, specialized epidermal cells. They are interesting in ampelography and also important for the plant ecological responses in biotic and abiotic interactions. In nature, the trichome development is a genetic trait but it can be modified by pests as eriophyid mites. Colomerus vitis is quite common and its economic value is sometime substantial. Here, we studied the leaf erineum induced by C. vitis on 'Ansonica' ('Inzolia'), an important grapevine cultivar characterized by a low level of leaf trichome coating. To date, the interaction between C. vitis and grape has been investigated in few pedo-climatic conditions and no data are reported in 'Ansonica'. Therefore, our objectives were: (1) the analysis, in a Tuscan environment, of the morphology and histology of trichomes in 'Ansonica' leaves unaffected or affected by C. vitis; (2) evaluation, in mature leaves, of the effects of the mite both on pigment content and chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters. 'Ansonica' was devoid of glandular trichomes but it has been established the presence of few simple trichomes strictly associated with the veins. In the erineal sectors, a dense proliferation of simple trichomes in the abaxial epidermis and the development of hyperplasia in the adaxial surface were observed. Moreover, the leaf sections in the erineal regions were thicker due to an abnormal development of the lacunar parenchyma, and trichome proliferation was also extended to interveinal regions. Leaves with erinea showed a deficient content of carotenoids, in comparison to unaffected leaves. In 'Ansonica' leaves, C. vitis induced a decrease in the steady-state operational efficiency of photosystem II associated to a reduction in photochemical quenching and an increase in non-photochemical quenching values. In leaves with erinea, the reduction of photosystem II efficiency was extended to foliar areas not directly affected by galls. The collected results highlight that 'Ansonica' is susceptible to attacks by C. vitis and in the case of widespread leaf attacks the productive damage should not be underestimated.","PeriodicalId":23613,"journal":{"name":"Vitis: Journal of Grapevine Research","volume":"3 1","pages":"101-108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76091036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-12DOI: 10.5073/VITIS.2021.60.137-141
P. Faúndez-López, J. Delorenzo-Arancibia, G. Gutiérrez-Gamboa, Y. Moreno-Simunovic
Two experimental studies were performed in this trial. In the first, the aim was to quantify wood necrosis generated by pruning cuts on aboveground permanent (arms and trunks) and non-permanent (spurs) woody structures of 'Cabernet Sauvignon' vines. In the second, the goal was to evaluate the effect of cutting distance from the basal end of the shoot in spur pruned vines on budburst and further shoot development for 'Grenache', 'Cabernet Franc' and 'Malbec' varieties. Based upon the first experiment, the area and depth of wood necrosis was highly influenced by the distance where the pruning cut was performed over the node. Furthermore, the diameter of the spur that was cut was not significantly related to either the area or the depth of the necrotic wood generated after the cut. Aboveground vine wood necrotic area ranged from 9 to 44 % of the total wood area measured in 'Cabernet Sauvignon' cordon trained spur pruned 25-year-old grapevines. For each vine a larger proportion of the necrotic wood (20 to 46 % of necrotic area) was present in the arms when compared to the trunks (1 to 28 % of necrotic area). As a result of the second experiment, spur budburst and further shoot development was not affected by the distance from the node where the pruning cut was performed for any of the cultivars considered in the study contrary to what is commonly believed.
{"title":"Pruning cuts affect wood necrosis but not the percentage of budburst or shoot development on spur pruned vines for different grapevine varieties","authors":"P. Faúndez-López, J. Delorenzo-Arancibia, G. Gutiérrez-Gamboa, Y. Moreno-Simunovic","doi":"10.5073/VITIS.2021.60.137-141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5073/VITIS.2021.60.137-141","url":null,"abstract":"Two experimental studies were performed in this trial. In the first, the aim was to quantify wood necrosis generated by pruning cuts on aboveground permanent (arms and trunks) and non-permanent (spurs) woody structures of 'Cabernet Sauvignon' vines. In the second, the goal was to evaluate the effect of cutting distance from the basal end of the shoot in spur pruned vines on budburst and further shoot development for 'Grenache', 'Cabernet Franc' and 'Malbec' varieties. Based upon the first experiment, the area and depth of wood necrosis was highly influenced by the distance where the pruning cut was performed over the node. Furthermore, the diameter of the spur that was cut was not significantly related to either the area or the depth of the necrotic wood generated after the cut. Aboveground vine wood necrotic area ranged from 9 to 44 % of the total wood area measured in 'Cabernet Sauvignon' cordon trained spur pruned 25-year-old grapevines. For each vine a larger proportion of the necrotic wood (20 to 46 % of necrotic area) was present in the arms when compared to the trunks (1 to 28 % of necrotic area). As a result of the second experiment, spur budburst and further shoot development was not affected by the distance from the node where the pruning cut was performed for any of the cultivars considered in the study contrary to what is commonly believed.","PeriodicalId":23613,"journal":{"name":"Vitis: Journal of Grapevine Research","volume":"18 1","pages":"137-141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73717041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-12DOI: 10.5073/VITIS.2021.60.143-151
A. Upadhyay, A. Upadhyay
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), a commercially important fruit crop worldwide, faces several challenging conditions during its growth cycle. Among many abiotic stresses, heat and moisture stresses have major impact on grapevine productivity and fruit quality. Transcriptome analysis of heat stress response of grape variety 'Fantasy Seedless' grown under different irrigation regimens identified large number of differentially expressed genes. Genes belonging to chaperone mediated protein folding and cell-wall modification pathways were found to play a significant role in plant response to heat as well as moisture stress. Subsurface irrigation helped minimize the adverse effects of stress through modulation of genes involved in cell homeostasis. The study has given critical insight into grapevine response to heat stress arising due to aberrant weather conditions.
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Pub Date : 2021-07-12DOI: 10.5073/VITIS.2021.60.125-135
Zs. Zsófi, X. Pálfi, Sz. Villangó
Optimal water supply is one of the most important factors in quality wine making. However, water availability is limited in several wine regions and water shortage is getting even worse due to climate change, especially under arid climate conditions. Therefore, proper water management of the vineyards, the amount and the timing of irrigation will play a crucial role in sustainable viticulture in the near future. In this study, the effect of timing of moderate water deficit on berry texture characteristics and phenolic maturity were investigated. 'Kekfrankos' grapevines were submitted to different water regimes: moderate water deficit from berry set until veraison (WD1), moderate water deficit from veraison until harvest (WD2), no water deficit (C). Concentration of the phenolic components of the grape berry skins and berry mixture for the Glories indices were measured by spectrophotometer (UVmini-1240 CE UV-VIS, Shimadzu, Japan). Cell and seed maturity indices (CMI%, SMI%) were also calculated. Berry texture characteristics were monitored by a TA.XT Plus Texture Analyser (Stable Micro System, UK). Berry skin and seed texture properties were affected by water regimes. Skin and seed hardness of WD1 were significantly lower than those of WD2. Significant differences were found in berry hardness between the treatments (C>WD1>WD2). Berry gumminess, resilience and chewiness of WD2 were lower compared to C and WD1. Anthocyanin extractability was higher when plants were not subjected to post-veraison water limitations (WD1). Furthermore, the seed maturity index was lower when water deficit occurred between berry set and veraison. Pre-veraison water deficit resulted in delayed ripening, softer seeds and thus higher phenol extractability compared to WD2 and C. Late seasonal water deficit resulted in thicker skins, which was accompanied by lower anthocyanin extractability than in WD1 and C. It seems that anthocyanin extractability is influenced by the actual water status of the grapevine rather than skin textural properties. However, there are some connections between skin texture parameters and maturity indices.
最佳供水是保证葡萄酒质量的重要因素之一。然而，在一些葡萄酒产区，水资源供应有限，而且由于气候变化，特别是在干旱气候条件下，水资源短缺问题变得更加严重。因此，在不久的将来，适当的葡萄园水管理、灌溉的数量和时间将在可持续葡萄栽培中发挥至关重要的作用。本研究研究了适度亏水时机对浆果质地特征和酚类成熟度的影响。将‘Kekfrankos’葡萄植株进行不同的水分处理:从果实结实到果实成熟(WD1)中度水分亏缺，从果实成熟到收获(WD2)中度水分亏缺，无水分亏缺(C)。用分光光度计(UVmini-1240 CE UV-VIS, Shimadzu, Japan)测量葡萄浆果皮和浆果混合物中酚类成分的浓度。计算细胞和种子成熟度指数(CMI%， SMI%)。用TA监测浆果的质地特征。XT Plus纹理分析仪(英国稳定微系统公司)。浆果果皮和种子的质地特性受水分状况的影响。WD1的果皮和种子硬度显著低于WD2。不同处理间浆果硬度差异显著(C>WD1>WD2)。与C和WD1相比，WD2的浆果黏性、弹性和咀嚼性较低。不受改良后水分限制(WD1)时，花青素提取率较高。结果表明，坐果期和转代期水分亏缺导致种子成熟指数降低。与WD1和c相比，催熟前水分不足导致成熟延迟，种子更软，因此苯酚的可提取性更高。季节后期水分不足导致果皮更厚，同时花青素的可提取性低于WD1和c。似乎花青素的可提取性受葡萄实际水分状况而非果皮质地特性的影响。然而，皮肤纹理参数与成熟度指标之间存在一定的联系。
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