Electrochemical strategies for detection of Diazinon: A review

Abstract

Diazinon or O,O-diethyl-O-(2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-pyrimidinyl)-O,O-diethyl-O-(2- isopropyl-4-methyl-6-pyrimidinyl)- phosphorothioate, was first registered as an insecticide in the U.S. However, it was categorized in the limited group of pesticides due to high toxicity for birds, aquatic animals, and humans. Like other organophosphorus pesticides, this compound exhibits inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase enzyme. The inhibition of the enzyme leads to the accumulation of acetylcholine and causes the death of insects. DZN is considered a toxic compound for humans due to its high adsorption via skin and inhalation, which leads to the emergence of different symptoms of toxicity. When DZN is used for plants, the compound residues in crops enter the food chain, and hence, bring about different problems for human health. Moreover, the compound is easily washed by surface water and enters the groundwater. Its entrance into aquatic environments can negatively affect a wide range of non-targeted organisms. Thus, researchers are seeking to find fast and precise methods for the recognition of DZN. The electrochemical method for recognizing the compound in real samples is preferable to other analytical methods. Because this method can be used without spending time preparing the sample, it is simple, fast, and cost-effective. The present study is an overall review describing electrochemical-based methods for the recognition of DZN. Methods of modifying electrodes with CNT, polymers, biomolecules, and the simultaneous use of multiple methods are evaluated and compared. The influential factors contributing to the improvement of the signal response are also explained.