Pelage Variation and Morphometrics of Closely Related Callithrix Marmoset Species and Their Hybrids

J. Malukiewicz, K. Warren, V. Boere, Illaira LC Bandeira, Nelson HA Curi, F. T. Das Dores, L. S. Fitorra, Haroldo Furuya, Claudia S. Igayara, L. Milanelo, S. B. Moreira, C. Molina, M. S. Nardi, P. A. Nicola, M. Passamani, V. Pedro, L. C. Pereira, B. Petri, A. Pissinatti, Adriana A. Quirino, J. Rogers, C. Ruiz-Miranda, Daniel L. Silva, I. O. Silva, Monique O M Silva, J. L. Summa, T. Zwarg, R. Ackermann
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Abstract

Background Hybrids are expected to show greater phenotypic variation than their parental species, yet how hybrid phenotype expression varies with genetic distances in closely-related parental species remains surprisingly understudied. Here we study pelage and morphometric trait variation in anthropogenic hybrids between four species of Brazilian Callithrix marmosets, a relatively recent primate radiation. Marmoset species are distinguishable by pelage phenotype and level of morphological specialization for eating tree exudates. Here, we (1) describe qualitative phenotypic pelage differences between parental species and hybrids; (2) test whether significant quantitative differences exist between parental and hybrid morphometric phenotypes; and (3) determine which hybrid morphometic traits show heterosis, dysgenesis, trangression, or intermediacy relative to the parental trait. For morphometric traits, we investigated both cranial and post-cranial traits, particularly as most hybrid morphological studies focus on the former instead of the latter. Finally, we estimate mitogenomic distances between marmoset species from previously published data. Results Hybrid facial and overall body pelage variation reflected coloration and patterns seen in parental species. In morphometric traits, C. jacchus and C. penicillata were the most similar to each other, while C. aurita was the most distinct, and C. geoffroyi trait measures fell between these other species. Most traits in C. jacchus x C. penicillata hybrids showed either heterosis or were intermediate relative to the parental trait values. We observed heterosis and dygenesis in traits of C. penicillata x C. geoffroyi hybrids. Trangressive segregation was observed in hybrids of C. aurita and the other species. These hybrids were also C. aurita-like for a number of traits. Genetic distance was closest between C. jacchus and C. penicillata and farthest between C. aurita and the other species. Conclusion We attributed significant phenotypic differences between marmoset species to differences in morphological exudivory specialization in these species. Our results suggest that intermediate hybrid traits relative to the parental trait values are more likely in crosses between species with relatively lesser genetic distance. More extreme phenotypic variation is more likely in parental species with greater genetic distance, with transgressive traits appearing in hybrids of the most genetically distant parental species. We further suggest that that less developmental disturbances can be expected in hybrids of more recently diverged parental species.
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近缘缘绒猴及其杂交种的皮毛变异和形态计量学
杂交物种比亲本物种表现出更大的表型变异,然而在近亲亲本物种中,杂交物种的表型表达如何随遗传距离而变化仍未得到充分的研究。在此,我们研究了四种巴西毛猴(一种相对较新的灵长类动物)之间的人为杂交后代的皮毛和形态特征差异。狨猴的种类是通过皮毛表型和吃树分泌物的形态特化水平来区分的。在这里,我们(1)描述了亲本种和杂交种之间的质性表型差异;(2)检验亲本与杂交种的形态计量表型是否存在显著的数量差异;(3)确定哪些杂交形态性状相对于亲本性状表现出杂种优势、发育不良、侵犯或中间性。对于形态特征,我们研究了颅骨和后颅骨特征,特别是大多数杂交形态学研究都集中在前者而不是后者。最后,我们根据先前发表的数据估计了狨猴物种之间的有丝分裂基因组距离。结果杂交的面部和全身皮毛的变化反映了亲本种的颜色和图案。在形态计量性状上,青霉与青霉最相似,aurita最不同,而geoffroyi的性状指标介于两者之间。与亲本性状值相比,青霉与青霉杂交的大部分性状均表现出杂种优势或中等优势。研究了青霉与geoffroroyi杂交的杂种优势和发育特点。黑穗兰与其他种属杂交时存在侵染性分离现象。这些杂交种在许多性状上也与金黄色葡萄球菌相似。青霉与紫霉的遗传距离最近,aurita与其他种的遗传距离最远。结论绒猴种间显著的表型差异是由于绒猴种间形态蜕皮特化的差异。结果表明,相对于亲本性状值的中间杂交性状在遗传距离相对较小的种间杂交中更有可能出现。更极端的表型变异更可能发生在遗传距离较大的亲本物种中,在遗传距离最远的亲本物种杂交中出现越界性状。我们进一步建议,在最近分化的亲本物种杂交中,可以预期较少的发育障碍。
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