Vaccine through Centuries. Major Cornerstone of Global Health

Abstract

Vaccine have a history that started late in the 18th century. From the late 19th century, Vaccine could be developed in the laboratory, However, In the 20th century it became possible to develop vaccine based on Immunologic makers In the 21st century molecular biology permits vaccine development that was not possible before. In the history of science is the impact of vaccines on human longevity and health over 300 years elapsed since the first vaccine was discovered. In short article it is not possible to do justice to a subject that encompases immunology, molecular biology, and public health, but several more extensive sources are available to the interested reader 1-5 rather than attempting a chronological narrative, In current articles that describe novel technologies, it is often said that they will enable " rational" development of vaccines. The opposite of rational is irrational, but presumably the writer mean to contrast rational with "empiric" However, in fact vaccine development has been based on rational choices ever since the mid 20th century, when the immunology advanced to the point of distinguishing protection mediated by antibody and that mediated by lymphocytes, and when passage in cell culture permitted the selection of attenuated mutants, After the point successful vaccine have been " rationally" developed by protection studies in animal, by inference from immune response shown to protect against repeated natural infection (the so called mechanistic correlates of protection) 6 and from the use of passive administration of antibodies against specific antigens to show that those antigens should be included in vaccines.