Hypothetical Thresholds for Effects of Platinum Group Elements

G. Bengtsson
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引用次数: 3

Abstract

The platinum-group elements are rhodium, ruthenium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum. Together with rhenium and gold they form the highly siderophilic (“iron-loving”) elements. These are poorly known with respect to toxicity and ecotoxicity. The mobilization by man of the eight metals is about 100 times to 1 million times the natural mobilization. Mean soil concentrations in Europe may now be more than doubled for gold, rhenium and rhodium. The objective of the current work was to enable a preliminary assessment of the consequences of such high environmental levels. Thresholds for ecological effects found in the literature were divided by the element’s mean soil concentration and plotted against group and period in the periodic system. Thresholds for health effects were correspondingly divided by the mean dietary intake of the element over large population groups. For health effects, an upper limit of intake is commonly used. This was shown to be about 4 times the mean normal intake for most period 4 elements. For other periods, occupational exposure thresholds entail upper limits of intake in µg/day of: Ru 18, Rh 8, Pd 17, Re 60, Os 15, Ir 4, Pt 20 and Au 160. For ecological effects, the no effect thresholds for period 4 were 1-5 times the soil concentrations. Very scarce data suggest higher relative thresholds for periods 5 and 6. The current high contaminations of European soil by Rh and possibly Pd may be of concern. Since the estimates of risks are uncertain, further research is warranted.
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铂族元素影响的假设阈值
铂族元素有铑、钌、钯、锇、铱和铂。它们与铼和金一起形成了高度亲铁(“亲铁”)的元素。它们在毒性和生态毒性方面鲜为人知。人类对这八种金属的动员作用是自然动员作用的100到100万倍。欧洲土壤中金、铼和铑的平均浓度现在可能增加了一倍以上。目前工作的目标是能够初步评估这种高环境水平的后果。在文献中发现的生态效应阈值除以元素的平均土壤浓度,并根据周期系统中的组和周期绘制。健康影响的阈值相应地除以该元素在大量人群中的平均膳食摄入量。考虑到对健康的影响,通常会设定摄入量的上限。这被证明是大多数时期4元素平均正常摄入量的4倍。在其他时期,职业暴露阈值规定了以微克/天为单位摄入Ru 18、Rh 8、Pd 17、Re 60、Os 15、Ir 4、Pt 20和Au 160的上限。对于生态效应,第4期的无效应阈值为土壤浓度的1 ~ 5倍。很少有数据表明,第5和第6期的相对阈值较高。目前欧洲土壤中Rh和Pd的高污染值得关注。由于对风险的估计是不确定的,因此需要进一步的研究。
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