Specifications of Exhausted Olive Pomace as an Energy Source: A Statistical Approach

K. Tawarah
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Abstract

The olive oil industry is a seasonal agricultural activity in countries having the climate of the Mediterranean basin. Ripe olive fruits are harvested for two main reasons. They can be processed to yield pitted or un-pitted table olives or pressed to generate olive oil. In all cases there are by-products that need to be managed in a proper way to avoid their negative impacts on the environment. According to previous statistics covering the 2014-2016 period, about 176,000 olive trees were planted in Jordan [1,2].The main reason for the growing interest in planting olive trees is to produce olive oil and table olives in sufficient amounts to cope with the needs of the growing population in Jordan and to improve the income of many families. For example, in 2014 the self-sufficiency ratios of preserved olives and olive oil were estimated to be 114.3 and 103.4 %, respectively [3]. Recent statistics indicate that the number of olive trees in Jordan was 11.848 million trees [1]. In 2015 and 2014 olive harvest seasons, 156,639 and 118,215 tons of olive fruits were used for oil production, respectively. For the 2015 harvest season, 62.32 % of the pressed fruits was a harvest of the northern region of Jordan, while those harvested from central and southern regions were 26.23 and 11.45 %, respectively. These percentages are in accord with the geographical distribution of the number of trees in these regions [4].There are four types of olive mills in Jordan. Based on their oil extraction method, the four types are: the traditional press mill, the two-phase mill, the two-and-half-phase mill, and the three-phase mill. The most common type is the three-phase olive mills [5].Currently, the olive oil production is handled by 128 olive mills with regional distribution of 70%, 22%, and 8% in northern, central, and southern regions of Jordan, respectively. An input output analysis of the olive mills used in Jordan was reported [5]. The quantity and quality of the produced liquid and solid by-products depend on the type of the olive mill used for olive oil extraction [5]. For example, the percentage of moisture content of the fresh solid residue was estimated to be 26.15-28.25,48.30-52.17, and 54.6158.99 % for traditional mills, three-phase mills, and two-phase mills, respectively [5]. Other characteristics of the raw olive mill solid residue such as the content of residual fatty material, mineral content (ash), polyphenols, total carbon, and the carbon/ nitrogen ratio were also found to depend on the type of the olive mill [5].The four types of olive mills also have different rates for generating the Abstract: Samples of exhausted olive pomace were prepared from six slurry and sun-dried agglomerated raw olive pomace samples via Soxhlet hexane extraction treatment. For the case of exhausted olive pomace, the replicates of the measured percentages of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, ash, calculated oxygen, and the values of the gross and net calorific values were subjected to a thorough statistical analysis method. The results of the statistical analysis were reported as 95% confidence interval of a population mean. The numerical results of the statistical analysis, on dry basis, are: 49.230 ± 0.817 %, 5.888 ± 0.148 %, 1.397 ± 0.199 %, 1.797 ± 0.176 %, 40.716 ± 0.486 %, 20.069 ± 0.635 MJ/Kg, and 18.709 ± 0.605 MJ/Kg for C, H, N, ash, O, gross calorific value and net calorific value, respectively. Comparison of these results with those of the precursor raw olive pomace indicated that the exhausted pomace is enriched with N and O containing compounds. A cost analysis regarding the use of olive pomace as a cheap substitute for the highly-priced kerosene and diesel in home heating resulted in a saving of 260 USD per ton of combusted exhausted olive pomace.
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废弃橄榄渣作为能源的规格:一种统计方法
橄榄油产业是地中海盆地气候国家的季节性农业活动。采摘成熟的橄榄果主要有两个原因。它们可以加工成去核或未去核的橄榄,也可以压榨成橄榄油。在所有情况下,都有需要以适当方式管理的副产品,以避免它们对环境的负面影响。根据此前2014-2016年的统计,约旦种植了约17.6万棵橄榄树[1,2]。人们对种植橄榄树越来越感兴趣的主要原因是生产足够数量的橄榄油和食用橄榄,以满足约旦不断增长的人口的需求,并提高许多家庭的收入。例如,2014年腌制橄榄和橄榄油的自给率估计分别为114.3%和103.4%[3]。最近的统计数据显示,约旦的橄榄树数量为1184.8万棵[1]。在2015年和2014年的橄榄收获季节,分别有156639吨和118215吨橄榄果实用于制油。2015年收获季节,约旦北部地区收获了62.32%的压榨水果,而中部和南部地区分别收获了26.23%和11.45%。这些百分比与这些地区树木数量的地理分布是一致的[4]。约旦有四种橄榄磨坊。根据其榨油方法,有四种类型:传统压榨机、两相磨机、两相半磨机和三相磨机。最常见的类型是三相橄榄磨[5]。目前,橄榄油生产由128家橄榄磨坊处理,分别分布在约旦北部、中部和南部地区,分别占70%、22%和8%。有报道对约旦使用的橄榄磨坊进行了投入产出分析[5]。所产生的液体和固体副产物的数量和质量取决于用于橄榄油提取的橄榄油磨机的类型[5]。例如,传统磨机、三相磨机和两相磨机的新鲜固体残渣含水率分别为26.15-28.25、48.30-52.17和54.6158.99%[5]。原始橄榄磨固体残渣的其他特征,如残余脂肪物质含量、矿物含量(灰分)、多酚、总碳和碳/氮比,也取决于橄榄磨的类型[5]。摘要:采用索氏己烷萃取法,对6种橄榄果渣原料进行浆料和干燥处理,制备了废橄榄果渣样品。对于用完的橄榄渣,对其碳、氢、氮、灰分的测量百分比、计算出的氧以及总发热量和净发热量的数值进行了全面的统计分析。统计分析结果以总体平均值的95%置信区间报告。在干燥基础上,统计分析的数值结果为:C、H、N、灰分、O、总发热量和净发热量分别为49.230±0.817 %、5.888±0.148 %、1.397±0.199 %、1.797±0.176 %、40.716±0.486 %、20.069±0.635 MJ/Kg和18.709±0.605 MJ/Kg。将这些结果与前驱体生橄榄渣的结果进行比较,表明废橄榄渣富含含氮和含氧化合物。一项关于使用橄榄渣作为家庭供暖中高价煤油和柴油的廉价替代品的成本分析表明,每吨燃烧后的橄榄渣可节省260美元。
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