Deep Geothermal Well Construction Problems and Possible Solutions

M. Gelfgat, Aleksandr Sergeevich Geraskin
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引用次数: 2

Abstract

The geothermal energy is one of the most promising sources of electricity on the planet; it is available almost anywhere on the continents and resources are inexhaustible. The realization of these possibilities requires solving the problems of deep wells (6-10 km) construction, when the lower horizons are practically impermeable crystalline basement rocks. For effective use of the Earth's heat, bottomhole temperatures must be within 200-300°C. World experience of such deep wells construction is very limited, some examples are given in this work. Known schemes of geothermal energy application requires at least two wells construction - for cold fluid injection and superheated fluid production. The rock - circulating fluid heat exchange in the bottomhole requires drilling of inclined, horizontal, or multi-lateral boreholes and hydraulic fracturing application. Such technologies are widely used in the oil and gas fields, but not in crystalline rocks. The article presents an analysis of the prospects for the geothermal wells construction efficiency increasing by using modern directional drilling systems, drilling with casing, technologies for complications eliminating. The possibilities of using alternative hard rock drilling methods by enhancing the standard formation destruction with drill bits are discussed. These are hydraulic hammers, high-pressure abrasive and fluid jets, laser drilling. A fundamentally new plasma drilling technology is considered. The most serious limitation of alternative drilling prospects is the need of additional "supply lines" to the bottom: high-pressure fluid; electricity; a plasma forming agent, etc. In this regard, options are being considered for the development of continuous drill strings such as coiled tubing, umbilical, flexible composite systems like subsea pipelines. Some of technological solutions for deep geothermal wells construction, and implementation of petrothermal energy schemes for potential projects are proposed. The paper provides an idea of the geothermal well construction technologies, which can ensure the implementation of advanced geo-energy schemes. The problems of geothermal engineering and possible solutions to overcome them, which will contribute to the development of geothermal energy, as the most effective option for decarbonization, are indicated.
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深层地热井建设存在的问题及可能的解决方案
地热能是地球上最有前途的电力来源之一;它几乎可以在大陆上的任何地方获得,资源是取之不尽的。实现这些可能性需要解决深井(6-10公里)建设的问题,当底层实际上是不透水的结晶基底岩时。为了有效利用地球的热量,井底温度必须在200-300°C之间。世界上此类深井的施工经验非常有限,本文给出了一些实例。已知的地热能源应用方案至少需要建造两口井——用于冷流体注入和过热流体生产。井底岩石循环流体换热需要斜井眼、水平井眼或多水平井眼的钻井和水力压裂应用。这种技术广泛应用于石油和天然气领域,但不应用于结晶岩。分析了采用现代定向钻井系统、套管钻进、消除复杂技术提高地热井施工效率的前景。讨论了利用钻头加强标准地层破坏的替代硬岩钻井方法的可能性。这些是液压锤,高压磨料和流体射流,激光钻孔。考虑了一种全新的等离子体钻井技术。替代钻井前景最严重的限制是需要额外的底部“供应线”:高压流体;电;等离子体形成剂等。在这方面,人们正在考虑开发连续钻柱,如连续油管、脐带缆、柔性复合系统(如海底管道)。提出了深地热井建设的一些技术解决方案,并对潜在项目实施了地热能源方案。提出了地热井建设技术思路,为先进地能源方案的实施提供了保障。指出了地热工程存在的问题及其解决办法,为地热能源作为最有效的脱碳途径的发展作出了贡献。
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