On the new prospects in biology inspired by epigenetics

Abstract

The epigenetic revolution that has happened very recently in biology has challenged the long-term traditional views of the genetic code. A new scientific era has emerged. These outstanding data made us reconsider major concepts in molecular genetics and outlined new perspectives, some of which are discussed here. First, it became apparent that heredity is determined not only by the primary DNA sequence but also by epigenetic factors controlling whether and when a gene will be turned on or off. These include modifications in the DNA or the associated proteins, which modulate gene function by causing changes in chromatin that affect DNA accessibility. Second, it turned out that though conservative, the genome is dynamic and changeable in response to environmental conditions. Third, a new value to nature vs. nurture debate was added demonstrating that these are not separate aspects but have a combined influence mediated through epigenetics. Forth, the epigenetics outburst contributed also to another controversial scientific field – the transgenerational inheritance. Evidence was provided that there are mechanisms for epigenetic transmission of environmentally induced changes that occur long before conception from a parent to the offspring. Fifth, the role of the psyche was given greater importance after the discovery that emotional stress may cause epigenetic changes in our heredity molecules. And sixth, a role of epigenetics in the disease was also established since epigenetic changes were related to many human disorders, thus providing possibilities for the development of more effective therapeutic approaches. Biomed Rev 2020;