Prevalence and Factors Associated with Acute Kidney Injury among Malaria Patients in Dar es Salaam: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Introduction Falciparum malaria still remains as a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Acute kidney injury is a known complication of malaria, and it is reported to occur in up to 40% of adult patients with severe falciparum malaria in endemic regions like sub-Saharan Africa. Objectives To determine the prevalence and factors associated with acute kidney injury among falciparum malaria patients in a tertiary level private hospital in Dar es Salaam. Methodology In a cross-sectional study design, 104 adults with falciparum malaria were enrolled consecutively over 6 months from April to September 2015. The diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) in these patients was established using the KDIGO classification criteria. The prevalence of AKI was obtained at 48 hours from admission and at day 7. Different sociodemographic and clinical parameters which were associated with acute kidney injury at 48 hours and at day 7 were identified by hypothesis testing using chi squared tests followed by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Factors with a p value less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results The participants were predominantly males 65.4% (68/104) and a third (36.5% (38/104)) were between 46 and 65 years. The prevalence of AKI among malaria patients at 48 hours was 26% (27/104). The prevalence of AKI among malaria patients at day 7 was 18.3% (19/104). On multivariate logistic regression, we found that factors that were significantly associated with AKI at 48 hours were male sex (OR 127, CI 3.4–4700, P = 0.008) and hemoglobin <7.5g/dl (OR 36.5, CI 1.7–797.7, P = 0.022), and factor associated with AKI at day 7 was baseline platelet count <25×103 per mm3 (OR 77.8 CI 1.045–5798.6, P = 0.048). Only two patients needed hemodialysis (1.9%) and there were no deaths. Conclusion Acute kidney injury is a common complication in patient with falciparum malaria. When managed well it has an excellent prognosis and necessitates dialysis in only a minority of patients. Male sex and hemoglobin is associated with AKI at 48 hours and baseline platelet count is associated with AKI at 7 days.