Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of Imidacloprid, Spinosad and Bifenthrin - Myclobutanil Combination to Allium cepa Root Tip Meristematic Cells

A. Asita, Relebohile Rebecca Mohale, S. Magama
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Abstract

Pesticides use boosts agricultural yield by reducing crop losses. However, some pesticides are mutagens and while technical grade active ingredients may produce mixed results in cytotoxicity and mutagenicity tests in in vitro and in vivo assays, synergistic interaction of pesticides, their metabolites or impurities in pesticide formulations often produce cytotoxic and genotoxic effects. This study assessed three concentrations (mg mL-1) (0.04, 0.08 and 0.16) each of Aphicide Plus® (AP) (imidacloprid at 20g L-1); Eco Fruit-fly Bait GF120® (EF) (spinosad at 0.24 g L-1) and Rosecare 3® (RC3) (combination of bifenthrin at 2.0 g L-1 and myclobutanil at 7.5 g L-1) for their effect on the (P+M)/ (A+T) Ratio, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity using the Allium cepa assay. A. cepa seedlings were treated for 24 hours, root tip squashes were prepared and the slides were examined under the microscope. For each pesticide treatment and the negative control, 6000 cells were examined and the cells were classified into interphase, normal (N) or aberrant (ABN) mitotic division stage. The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity induced by each pesticide concentration was compared with the value for the negative control using t-test. The 0.08 mg mL-1 of AP, 0.04 mg mL-1 of EF, and 0.08 and 0.16 mg mL-1 of RC3 induced significant change in the (P+M)/(A+T) ratio, (p > 0.05). All three concentrations of each pesticide significantly depressed the mitotic index (MI) and were adjudged cytotoxic (P < 0.05). Genotoxicity (GT) was expressed as the number of aberrant mitotic cells (AMC) per 100 mitotic cells scored. The three concentrations of each pesticide induced genotoxicity (P < 0.05). Pesticides use boosts agricultural yield by reducing crop losses. However, some pesticides are mutagens and while technical grade active ingredients may produce mixed results in cytotoxicity and mutagenicity tests in in vitro and in vivo assays, synergistic interaction of pesticides, their metabolites or impurities in pesticide formulations often produce cytotoxic and genotoxic effects. This study assessed three concentrations (mg mL-1) (0.04, 0.08 and 0.16) each of Aphicide Plus® (AP) (imidacloprid at 20g L-1); Eco Fruit-fly Bait GF120® (EF) (spinosad at 0.24 g L-1) and Rosecare 3® (RC3) (combination of bifenthrin at 2.0 g L-1 and myclobutanil at 7.5 g L-1) for their effect on the (P+M)/ (A+T) Ratio, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity using the Allium cepa assay. A. cepa seedlings were treated for 24 hours, root tip squashes were prepared and the slides were examined under the microscope. For each pesticide treatment and the negative control, 6000 cells were examined and the cells were classified into interphase, normal (N) or aberrant (ABN) mitotic division stage. The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity induced by each pesticide concentration was compared with the value for the negative control using t-test. The 0.08 mg mL-1 of AP, 0.04 mg mL-1 of EF, and 0.08 and 0.16 mg mL-1 of RC3 induced significant change in the (P+M)/(A+T) ratio, (p > 0.05). All three concentrations of each pesticide significantly depressed the mitotic index (MI) and were adjudged cytotoxic (P < 0.05). Genotoxicity (GT) was expressed as the number of aberrant mitotic cells (AMC) per 100 mitotic cells scored. The three concentrations of each pesticide induced genotoxicity (P < 0.05).
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吡虫啉、Spinosad和联苯菊酯-菌丁醇对葱根尖分生组织细胞的细胞毒性和遗传毒性
农药的使用通过减少作物损失来提高农业产量。然而,有些农药是诱变剂,虽然技术级活性成分在体外和体内细胞毒性和诱变性试验中可能产生不同的结果,但农药、其代谢物或农药配方中的杂质的协同作用往往产生细胞毒性和基因毒性作用。本研究评估了aphiide Plus®(吡虫啉20g L-1)的三种浓度(mg mL-1)(0.04、0.08和0.16);生态果蝇饵GF120®(EF) (spinosad浓度为0.24 g L-1)和Rosecare 3®(RC3)(联苯菊酯浓度为2.0 g L-1和myclobutanil浓度为7.5 g L-1)对(P+M)/ (A+T)比、细胞毒性和遗传毒性的影响。将茄苗处理24小时,制备根尖南瓜,显微镜下观察载玻片。每个农药处理和阴性对照分别检测6000个细胞,将细胞分为间期、正常(N)和异常(ABN)有丝分裂期。采用t检验比较各农药浓度对细胞毒性和遗传毒性的影响。0.08 mg mL-1 AP、0.04 mg mL-1 EF和0.08、0.16 mg mL-1 RC3对(P+M)/(A+T)比均有显著影响(P > 0.05)。3种农药浓度均显著降低了有丝分裂指数(MI),呈细胞毒性(P < 0.05)。遗传毒性(GT)表示为每100个有丝分裂细胞中异常有丝分裂细胞(AMC)的数量。3种农药浓度均诱导遗传毒性(P < 0.05)。农药的使用通过减少作物损失来提高农业产量。然而,有些农药是诱变剂,虽然技术级活性成分在体外和体内细胞毒性和诱变性试验中可能产生不同的结果,但农药、其代谢物或农药配方中的杂质的协同作用往往产生细胞毒性和基因毒性作用。本研究评估了aphiide Plus®(吡虫啉20g L-1)的三种浓度(mg mL-1)(0.04、0.08和0.16);生态果蝇饵GF120®(EF) (spinosad浓度为0.24 g L-1)和Rosecare 3®(RC3)(联苯菊酯浓度为2.0 g L-1和myclobutanil浓度为7.5 g L-1)对(P+M)/ (A+T)比、细胞毒性和遗传毒性的影响。将茄苗处理24小时,制备根尖南瓜,显微镜下观察载玻片。每个农药处理和阴性对照分别检测6000个细胞,将细胞分为间期、正常(N)和异常(ABN)有丝分裂期。采用t检验比较各农药浓度对细胞毒性和遗传毒性的影响。0.08 mg mL-1 AP、0.04 mg mL-1 EF和0.08、0.16 mg mL-1 RC3对(P+M)/(A+T)比均有显著影响(P > 0.05)。3种农药浓度均显著降低了有丝分裂指数(MI),呈细胞毒性(P < 0.05)。遗传毒性(GT)表示为每100个有丝分裂细胞中异常有丝分裂细胞(AMC)的数量。3种农药浓度均诱导遗传毒性(P < 0.05)。
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