Study of the Habitats, Burrowing Behavior, Physiological Adaptation and Life Cycle of Spadefoot Toad (Pelobates syriacus, Boettger, 1869) at the Southern Limit of Its Distribution in Israel

G. Degani
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Abstract

The present study describes the habitats, life cycle, larval growth, burrowing behavior and terrestrial adaptation of spadefoot toads (Pelobates syriacus) in Israel based on observations and data collected over more than 30 years in northern Israel. The distribution area in Israel is from the north in the Upper Galilee and Golan Heights (annual rainfall range of 500–1000 mm) to the southern coastal plain (annual rainfall of about 250 mm). Among the 51 different breeding places of amphibians, only ponds where water is available for a few months of the year were used by spadefoot toads and metamorphosed populations were found around these ponds. The larvae underwent metamorphosis during the summer and autumn in northern Israel, and during the spring in central and southern Israel. The percentage of toads burrowing was negatively correlated to soil moisture levels, i.e., greater burrowing behavior occurring under dry conditions. Plasma concentrations of electrolytes and urea increased during burrowing. The burrowing behavior helps the spadefoot toads survive in this area at the southern border of its distribution. Spadefoot toads are highly specialized and have a narrow ecological niche that selects for lower levels of diversity.
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以色列分布南界的蹼足蟾蜍(Pelobates syriacus, Boettger, 1869)的生境、穴居行为、生理适应和生活史研究
本研究基于对以色列北部30多年的观察和数据,描述了以色列锹足蟾蜍(Pelobates syriacus)的栖息地、生命周期、幼虫生长、穴居行为和陆地适应。以色列的分布区域从北部的上加利利和戈兰高地(年降雨量500-1000毫米)到南部沿海平原(年降雨量约250毫米)。在51个不同的两栖动物繁殖地中,只有一年中有几个月有水的池塘被大脚蟾蜍使用,并且在这些池塘周围发现了变形的种群。在以色列北部的夏季和秋季以及以色列中部和南部的春季,幼虫经历了蜕变。蟾蜍挖洞的比例与土壤湿度呈负相关,即在干燥条件下发生更多的挖洞行为。血浆电解质和尿素浓度在挖洞过程中升高。这种挖洞的行为有助于在其分布的南部边界这一地区生存。蹼足蟾蜍是高度专业化的,有一个狭窄的生态位,选择较低水平的多样性。
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