Modeling traumatic brain injury: mechanisms of early neuronal and axon degeneration in the infant rodent brain

K. Dikranian
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引用次数: 1

Abstract

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a major health challenge and affects the young disproportionately. Accidental and non-accidental TBI in children is a major contributor to morbidity, disability, and death. TBI in this critical period leads to profound neuronal and axonal degeneration followed by cognitive, psychological and memory impairment, altered processing speed, impaired executive functions, emotional liability as well as word finding difficulties. Cognitive and behavioral changes may remain unrecognized for periods even after sustaining mild injury. Although accidental and non-accidental inflicted injury (blunt force or violent shaking-inflicting brain injury or “Shaken baby” syndrome) posits a major clinical and sociological problem, mechanisms of tissue degeneration might be largely similar. The scope of this review will be the experimental research related to modeling blunt (concussive) head trauma specifically to the infant rodent brain resulting in acute (early) and protracted (late) degenerative changes such as axonal degeneration and apoptotic neuronal cell death. Similarly, discussion will be limited to therapeutic windows and potentials for ameliorating the development of early brain injury.
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创伤性脑损伤模型:幼鼠大脑早期神经元和轴突变性的机制
创伤性脑损伤(TBI)仍然是一个主要的健康挑战,对年轻人的影响尤为严重。儿童偶然性和非偶然性脑外伤是发病、残疾和死亡的主要原因。这一关键时期的创伤性脑损伤会导致严重的神经元和轴突退化,随之而来的是认知、心理和记忆障碍,处理速度改变,执行功能受损,情绪不稳定以及找词困难。认知和行为的改变可能在一段时间内不被发现,即使是在遭受轻微伤害之后。虽然意外和非意外造成的伤害(钝器或剧烈摇晃造成的脑损伤或“摇晃婴儿”综合征)提出了一个主要的临床和社会学问题,但组织变性的机制可能在很大程度上是相似的。本综述的范围将是与模拟钝性(震荡)头部创伤有关的实验研究,特别是对幼鼠大脑造成急性(早期)和延续性(晚期)退行性改变,如轴突变性和神经元细胞凋亡。同样,讨论将仅限于治疗窗口和改善早期脑损伤发展的潜力。
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