Medication-induced papilledema

Abstract

volume or amount by the cerebral edema or an intracranial spaceoccupying lesion such as brain tumor or hemorrhage or aneurysm; an increase of CSF production by choroid plexus; the decrease in the ventricular CSF outflow such as obstructive/non-communicating hydrocephalus or meningitis and subarachnoid hemorrhage; and a decrease in the CSF absorption by arachnoid villi or compromise of venous outflow (cavernous venous sinus thrombosis) or an elevation of intra-abdominal pressure resulting in an elevation in pleural pressure and cardiac filling pressure.3−6 The visual symptoms of papilledema include typically transient visual obscurations lasting seconds due to transient fluctuations in ONH perfusion. If it remains untreated, it can cause progressive irreversible visual loss and optic atrophy. The fundus findings of papilledema vary to its stages. Frisén scale for papilledema grading includes six stages ranging from ‘’0’’ to ‘’5’’:1,2,7