Motion, Energy and State of Body Particle System

Abstract

Based on the assumption that protons and electrons are body particles, the motion and state of body particle system are investigated in an energy space. Body particles are objects that have only mass and volume. A body particle has three spatial states: position, posture and profile, corresponding to three modes of motion: translation, rotation and vibration. The energies of three modes of particle system constitute a Descartes energy space. The state of object is represented by a state vector in the energy space. The energy space can be divided into three zones and six phases. The three zones dominated by translation, rotation and vibration modes represent the liquid, solid and gaseous state of the object, respectively. There are three parabolic surfaces in energy space, which represent the equilibrium states of the particle system. It is showed that there are two types of phase transitions in energy space, corresponding to that the change of order parameter is equal to 1/2 or less than 1/2. There are a stable equilibrium area and an unstable equilibrium area in each phase, which predicts the transition between the stable state and the excited state within the phase. Strict analysis proves that the number of energy in equilibrium state must be integers. The Planck constant and Boltzmann constant are both scale transformation coefficients of the motion energy.