Spectrophotometric and Smartphone-based Dual Monitoring Method for the Determination of Al(III) Ions Using Fermented Black Carrot Juice (Şalgam/Shalgam) as a Green Chromogenic Agent

Batuhan Yardımcı
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Abstract

In this study, anthocyanin-rich fermented black carrot juice (şalgam/shalgam) was used as a chromogenic agent in order to develop eco-friendly, low-cost, simple, fast, and practical both visible spectrophotometric and smartphone-based methods for the determination of Al(III) ions in water samples. Formation of Al(III)-anthocyanin complex results in a color change from red to purple in direct proportion to the increasing Al(III) concentration. For the spectrophotometric analysis, the analytical response of the developed method between absorbance and logarithm of Al(III) concentration exhibits a satisfying wide linear concentration range from 37.0 to 1850.0 µM. The LOD and LOQ values are 6.67 µM and 22.0 µM, respectively. For smartphone-based analysis, the analytical response of the developed method between B values and Al(III) concentration obtained a linear concentration range from 18.5 to 111.0 µM. The LOD and LOQ values are 4.40 µM and 14.5 µM, respectively. LOD values are below the acceptable limit of Al(III) in water according to WHO (7.41 µM) for both methods. The interfering effect of common water ions was investigated, and the observed interferences from Sn2+, Fe2+, and Fe3+ were easily eliminated using enough concentration of Na2EDTA without affecting the blank absorbance/B value of the Al(III)−anthocyanin complex for two monitoring methods. The selectivity of the developed method was investigated in the presence of possible species such as benzoic acid, lactic acid, amino acids, and salt. Developed spectrophotometric and smartphone-based methods applied to real water samples and validated against the reference ICP-OES method at 95% confidence level using Student’s t- and F-tests.
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以发酵黑胡萝卜汁(Şalgam/Shalgam)为绿色显色剂的分光光度法和智能手机双监测法测定Al(III)离子
本研究以富含花青素的发酵黑胡萝卜汁(algam/shalgam)为显色剂,建立环保、低成本、简单、快速、实用的可见分光光度法和智能手机法测定水样中Al(III)离子。Al(III)-花青素复合物的形成导致颜色从红色变为紫色,与Al(III)浓度的增加成正比。对于分光光度分析,该方法的吸光度与Al(III)浓度的对数之间的分析响应在37.0 ~ 1850.0µM范围内具有令人满意的宽线性浓度范围。LOD和LOQ值分别为6.67µM和22.0µM。对于基于智能手机的分析,所开发的方法在B值与Al(III)浓度之间的分析响应在18.5 ~ 111.0µM的线性范围内。LOD和LOQ值分别为4.40µM和14.5µM。两种方法的LOD值均低于WHO规定的水中Al(III)的可接受限值(7.41µM)。研究了常见水离子的干扰作用,结果表明,使用足够浓度的Na2EDTA可以很容易地消除Sn2+、Fe2+和Fe3+的干扰,而不影响两种监测方法中Al(III)−花青素配合物的空白吸光度/B值。研究了该方法在苯甲酸、乳酸、氨基酸和盐等可能存在的物质存在下的选择性。开发了分光光度法和基于智能手机的方法,应用于实际水样,并使用学生t-和f -检验在95%置信水平上与参考ICP-OES方法进行了验证。
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