Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant System in Erythrocytes of Brucella Vaccinated and Challenged Goats

Abstract

Brucellosis is a reemerging worldwide zoonotic disease and the occurrence of the disease in humans is largely dependent on the animal reservoir [1]. In human it is mainly caused by Brucella melitensis. The highest rate of human infection is mainly in those areas where rates of brucellosis in sheep and goats are high [2,3] as sheep and goats are main reservoir of B. melitensis [4]. The prevention and control of B. melitensis in sheep and goats can be the best fitted model to control human brucellosis. For the purpose it is important to understand the patho-physiological interface involved in the course of disease in sheep or goats as virulence of Brucella species varies according to species, strain and the number of brucellae in inoculums [5,6]. Moreover, being intra cellular parasite, the pathogenic potential of Brucella spp. is highly dependent on its ability to enter and survive within host cells particularly polymorphonuclear cells and macrophages [7]. Further for the survival of Brucella spp. in the harsh environmental stress encountered in route of entry to their replicative niche, include interactive reactive oxygen species, acidic pH, and nutrient deprivation as a key determinant of Brucella virulence [8,9]. The capacity of Brucella to induce disease is dependent on their ability to overcome host cellular response and to replicate within both host phagocytes [10]. In general the intracellular environment of any phagocytic cells is potentially hostile for microbes and, threat their viability by oxidative (MyeloperoxidaseH2O2halide) or non-oxidative (cationic protein, lysozyme, lactoferritin and proteases [11]. Depending upon the type of adjuvants or immunomodulators used in any vaccine macrophages and dendritic cells are recruited and activated for antigen processing to generate free reactive radicals resulting in inflammatory sequelae [12]. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase, and glutathione peroxidase are integral part of intracellular defense systems and antioxidant mechanism [13]. Cytotoxic effects of oxidants involve DNA damage, protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation with inhibition of cellular metabolic pathways [12]. The establishment of Brucella infection has been correlated with induced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in human [8], mice [11]; cattle [14]; rat [15] and in pregnant goats [16]. Thus the aim of the present study was to assess erythrocyte redox parameters viz., lipid peroxidation, Glutathion (GSH) formation and activity of catalase, SOD and Glutathion-STransferase (GST) in clinically healthy goats during Rev.1 vaccination and challenge.