Surfactant-Inhibited Barium Sulphate Nanoparticles for Use in Drilling or Completion Fluids

Abstract

The benefits of a nanoparticle-weighted fluid are numerous, allowing the possibility of high-density drilling fluids, a true alternative to expensive heavy brines, barite-weighted reservoir drill-in fluids and the virtual elimination of barite sag. By using a branched carboxylic acid, rather than a linear molecule as a crystal growth inhibitor during precipitation, true nano-scale dispersions have been achieved that are stable in water, with no detectable agglomeration and that are self-dispersing after drying. This paper proposes that greater steric hindrance and smaller particle sizes are achieved by utilising branched, or chair-like carboxylic acids, rather than the long-chain molecules more commonly used. The use of FTIR, XRD, DLS and SSNRM have been combined to demonstrate that inhibitor concentration is the dominant effect in preventing crystal growth but does not account for particle growth retardation alone. Spherical nanoparticles with a dispersed ZAvg of 16nm and low contact areas have been created. They produce dispersions with a density of 2.27g/cm3. These dispersions display no detectable ‘sag’ after 428 days in suspension suggesting that colloidal stabilisation has been achieved. This paper also demonstrates that further decreases in particle diameter are possible through a combination of mechanical shear during precipitation and pH modification after precipitation has ceased. An optimum pH post-precipitation of 10.4 is close to that targeted by many water-based reservoir drill-in fluids, further highlighting the possibility of surfactant-inhibited barium sulphate nanoparticles as a density agent for drilling fluids. Using pH to modify the PSD of the nanoparticle dispersions strongly suggests that the dispersions can be tuned to one suitable for the intended operation. The growth inhibitors used during precipitation are low-cost and non-toxic and enable the dry particles to disperse to comparable PSDs after drying to their precipitated values. The technology allows the creation of a high-density brine replacement fluid, presenting a significant cost saving over an alternative such as caesium formate in some applications Previous research on barium sulphate nanoparticles [3] succeeded via the adsorption of long-chain carboxylic acids. We have shown that shorter, branched carboxylic acids - a new approach - are more effective and in significantly lower concentrations. This paper has found that a rigid, chair-like molecule provides an equivalent particle size distribution at an ultra-low adsorption level.