Spatio-temporal patterns of co-occurrence of tigers and leopards within a protected area in central India

IF 2.3 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Web Ecology Pub Date : 2023-02-03 DOI:10.5194/we-23-17-2023
Anindita Bidisha Chatterjee, K. Sankar, Y. Jhala, Q. Qureshi
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引用次数: 1

Abstract

Abstract. The global decline of large carnivore populations warrants scientific insights into intraguild relationships. Patterns of co-occurrence among sympatric predators are governed by their density, distribution, diet, activity overlaps, and behavioural strategies. Tigers are sympatric with leopards across their distribution range, overlap substantially in their diet, and are both nocturnal. The subdominant leopard is believed to coexist with tigers via several mechanisms like spatial segregation, temporal avoidance, and differential prey selection. Investigation of spatio-temporal patterns of co-occurrence of tigers and leopards can provide insights on mechanisms that permit coexistence. We used camera trap-based photo captures of tigers and leopards in prey-rich (58.15±10.61 ungulates per km2) Pench Tiger Reserve to determine their spatio-temporal patterns of co-occurrence. Spatially explicit density estimates of tigers were approximately 5 per 100 km2 and leopards were approximately 4.5 per 100 km2 and remained stable over the years. This implies that both these co-predators are likely to attain carrying capacity within the study area. Areas with high tiger density had lower leopard density. Quantile regression analysis between tiger and leopard density at 2×2 km grid showed that leopard density had a parabolic relationship with tiger density, initially increasing with tigers (β=0.393; p=0.001), stable at medium tiger density (β=0.13 and p=0.15), and declining at high tiger densities (β=-0.37 and p<0.001). Both tigers and leopards were crepuscular in nature with no temporal segregation (Δ=89 %). Time lag of consecutive leopard photograph after a tiger capture ranged between 0.002 to 36.29 d. Leopard use of trails was not related to use by tigers. Our results suggest that leopards adjust their usage of space at fine scales to avoid confrontations with tigers. We also observed high temporal overlap and no spatio-temporal segregation between tigers and leopards, despite the two predators being nocturnal and having similar prey choices. The availability of ample prey within the study area is likely to be the driving factor of the co-occurrence of tigers and leopards within this dry deciduous habitat of central India.
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印度中部保护区内老虎和豹子共存的时空格局
摘要大型食肉动物种群的全球减少,使我们有理由对野生动物之间的关系有科学的认识。同域食肉动物共生的模式受其密度、分布、饮食、活动重叠和行为策略的支配。老虎与豹子在它们的分布范围内是同乡的,它们的饮食有很大的重叠,而且都是夜行动物。亚优势豹被认为是通过空间隔离、时间回避和不同猎物选择等机制与老虎共存的。对虎豹共存的时空格局进行研究,有助于揭示虎豹共存的机制。利用相机捕捉法,对丰富猎物(58.15±10.61有蹄动物/ km2)的潘奇老虎保护区的虎、豹共现的时空格局进行了研究。老虎的空间密度估计约为每100平方公里5只,豹的空间密度估计约为每100平方公里4.5只,多年来保持稳定。这意味着这两种生态捕食者都可能在研究区域内达到承载能力。虎密度高的地区,豹密度较低。2×2 km网格虎、豹密度的分位数回归分析表明,豹密度与虎密度呈抛物线关系,初始值随虎增加而增加(β=0.393;P =0.001),中等老虎密度时稳定(β=0.13, P =0.15),高老虎密度时下降(β=-0.37, P <0.001)。老虎和豹子在自然界中都是匍匐的,没有时间隔离(Δ= 89%)。捕获老虎后连续拍摄豹子照片的时间滞后在0.002 ~ 36.29 d之间。豹子对小径的利用与老虎的利用无关。研究结果表明,豹子通过调整空间尺度来避免与老虎发生冲突。我们还观察到,尽管老虎和豹子都是夜行动物,并且有相似的猎物选择,但老虎和豹子之间的时间重叠程度很高,没有时空隔离。研究区域内充足的猎物可能是印度中部这个干燥的落叶栖息地中老虎和豹子共存的驱动因素。
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来源期刊
Web Ecology
Web Ecology Agricultural and Biological Sciences-Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
CiteScore
4.60
自引率
0.00%
发文量
6
审稿时长
17 weeks
期刊介绍: Web Ecology (WE) is an open-access journal issued by the European Ecological Federation (EEF) representing the ecological societies within Europe and associated members. Its special value is to serve as a publication forum for national ecological societies that do not maintain their own society journal. Web Ecology publishes papers from all fields of ecology without any geographic restriction. It is a forum to communicate results of experimental, theoretical, and descriptive studies of general interest to an international audience. Original contributions, short communications, and reviews on ecological research on all kinds of organisms and ecosystems are welcome as well as papers that express emerging ideas and concepts with a sound scientific background.
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