Phenology and polyploidy in annual Brachypodium species (Poaceae) along the aridity gradient in Israel

Shira Penner, Barak Dror, Iris Aviezer, Yamit Bar-Lev, A. Salman-Minkov, T. Mandáková, P. Šmarda, I. Mayrose, Y. Sapir
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引用次数: 8

Abstract

Local adaptation of plants along environmental gradients provides strong evidence for clinal evolution mediated by natural selection. Plants have developed diverse strategies to mitigate stress, for example, drought escape is a phenological strategy to avoid drought stress, while polyploidy was proposed as a genomic adaptation to stress. Polyploidy as an adaptation to aridity (an environmental parameter integrating temperature and precipitation) was previously documented in annual Brachypodium spp. (Poaceae) in the Western Mediterranean. Here, we examined whether polyploidy or phenology are associated with aridity in annual Brachypodium spp. along the aridity gradient in the Eastern Mediterranean. Using flow cytometry, we determined ploidy levels of plants from natural populations along the Israeli gradient, spanning ∼424 km from mesic Mediterranean to extreme desert climates. In a common garden we recorded time of seedling emergence, flowering and senescence. We tested whether the proportion of allotetraploids in the populations and phenological traits were associated with aridity. Contrary to a previous study in the Western Mediterranean, we found no effect of aridity on the proportion of allotetraploids and diploids within populations. Interestingly, phenology was associated with aridity: time of emergence was later, while flowering and senescence were earlier in desert plants. Our results indicate that in the Eastern Mediterranean, adaptation of Brachypodium to aridity is mediated mainly by phenology, rather than ploidy level. Therefore, we suggest that genome duplication is not the main driver of adaptation to environmental stress; rather, phenological change as a drought escape mechanism may be the major adaptation.
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以色列沿干旱梯度的一年生短茅属植物的物候和多倍体特征
植物沿环境梯度的局部适应为自然选择介导的临床进化提供了强有力的证据。植物已经发展出多种缓解胁迫的策略,例如,干旱逃避是一种物候策略来避免干旱胁迫,而多倍体被认为是一种基因组适应胁迫的策略。多倍体作为一种适应干旱(综合温度和降水的环境参数)的特性,在西地中海地区的一年生短茅属植物(禾科)中已有文献记载。在这里,我们研究了沿地中海东部干旱梯度的一年生短柄藓属植物的多倍体或物候是否与干旱有关。利用流式细胞术,我们测定了沿以色列梯度的自然种群植物的倍性水平,从中地中海到极端沙漠气候跨越约424公里。在一个普通的花园中,我们记录了幼苗的出苗、开花和衰老的时间。我们测试了异体四倍体在种群中的比例和物候性状是否与干旱有关。与先前在西地中海的研究相反,我们发现干旱对种群内异源四倍体和二倍体的比例没有影响。有趣的是,物候学与干旱有关:沙漠植物的发芽时间较晚,而开花和衰老时间较早。研究结果表明,在东地中海,短柄草对干旱的适应主要是由物候而非倍性水平介导的。因此,我们认为基因组复制不是适应环境胁迫的主要驱动因素;相反,物候变化作为干旱逃避机制可能是主要的适应。
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