Abstract Islands in the tropical Pacific Ocean are renowned for high biodiversity and endemism despite having relatively small landmasses. However, our knowledge of how this biodiversity is formed remains limited. The taxon cycle, where well‐dispersed, earlier colonizers become displaced from coastal to inland habitats by new waves of colonizers, producing isolated, range‐restricted species, has been proposed to explain current biodiversity patterns. Here, we integrate the outcomes of phylogenetic studies in the region to investigate the sources, age, number of colonizations, and diversification of 16 archipelagos in the tropical and subtropical South Pacific. We then evaluate whether the results support the taxon cycle as a plausible mechanism for these observations. We find that most species in the Pacific arrived less than 5 Mya from geographically close sources, suggesting that colonization by new taxa is a frequent and ongoing process. Therefore, our findings are broadly consistent with the theory of the Taxon Cycle, which posits that ongoing colonization results in the gradual displacement of established lineages. Only the oldest archipelagos, New Caledonia and Fiji, do not conform to this trend, having proportionally less recent colonization events, suggesting that the taxon cycle may slow on older islands. This conclusion is further validated by New Caledonia having lower diversification rate estimates than younger islands. We found that diversification rates across archipelagos are negatively correlated with area and age. Therefore, a taxon cycle that slows with island age appears to be a suitable concept for understanding the dynamic nature and biodiversity patterns of the Pacific Islands.
{"title":"Slowing taxon cycle can explain biodiversity patterns on islands: Insights into the biogeography of the tropical South Pacific from molecular data","authors":"Gunnar Keppel, Francis J. Nge, Thomas Ibanez","doi":"10.1111/jse.13026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.13026","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Islands in the tropical Pacific Ocean are renowned for high biodiversity and endemism despite having relatively small landmasses. However, our knowledge of how this biodiversity is formed remains limited. The taxon cycle, where well‐dispersed, earlier colonizers become displaced from coastal to inland habitats by new waves of colonizers, producing isolated, range‐restricted species, has been proposed to explain current biodiversity patterns. Here, we integrate the outcomes of phylogenetic studies in the region to investigate the sources, age, number of colonizations, and diversification of 16 archipelagos in the tropical and subtropical South Pacific. We then evaluate whether the results support the taxon cycle as a plausible mechanism for these observations. We find that most species in the Pacific arrived less than 5 Mya from geographically close sources, suggesting that colonization by new taxa is a frequent and ongoing process. Therefore, our findings are broadly consistent with the theory of the Taxon Cycle, which posits that ongoing colonization results in the gradual displacement of established lineages. Only the oldest archipelagos, New Caledonia and Fiji, do not conform to this trend, having proportionally less recent colonization events, suggesting that the taxon cycle may slow on older islands. This conclusion is further validated by New Caledonia having lower diversification rate estimates than younger islands. We found that diversification rates across archipelagos are negatively correlated with area and age. Therefore, a taxon cycle that slows with island age appears to be a suitable concept for understanding the dynamic nature and biodiversity patterns of the Pacific Islands.","PeriodicalId":101317,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135684829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The West Liao River (WLR) and Yellow River (YR) basins are two major centers of millet farming in northern China. The result from flotation analyses and the spatial distribution of archeological sites indicate that two distinct survival strategies—agriculture and pastoralism were adopted in the southern and western regions of the WLR. Previous studies of ancient populations from the western area of the WLR suggested a correlation between a pastoral economy in the Bronze Age Upper Xiajiadian culture with a decreased genetic affinity with YR farmers. However, the population history of the southern WLR is unknown mainly due to the lack of ancient genetic data. Here we report the genomic data of an ancient individual from the Majiazishan site from the Late Bronze Age southern WLR region associated with Upper Xiajiadian culture. Unlike individuals from western WLR, this individual derived ancestry entirely from Late Neolithic YR farmers. We found a genetic substructure of the ancient human population of Upper Xiajiadian culture, which is consistent with the differences in the subsistence strategies of western and southern WLR. Climate deterioration led to different populations occupying the west and the south, respectively, in the WLR: the nomadic population from the Amur River (AR) in the west and the agricultural population from the YR in the south.
{"title":"The genetic diversity in the ancient human population of Upper Xiajiadian culture","authors":"Kong‐Yang Zhu, Zhi‐Ping Zhang, Le Tao, Run‐Qi Jiang, Wen‐Bo Huang, Yong‐Gang Sun, Hai‐Feng He, Hui‐Lin Fu, Hao Ma, Xiao‐Min Yang, Jian‐Xin Guo, Xin Jia, Chuan‐Chao Wang","doi":"10.1111/jse.13029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.13029","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The West Liao River (WLR) and Yellow River (YR) basins are two major centers of millet farming in northern China. The result from flotation analyses and the spatial distribution of archeological sites indicate that two distinct survival strategies—agriculture and pastoralism were adopted in the southern and western regions of the WLR. Previous studies of ancient populations from the western area of the WLR suggested a correlation between a pastoral economy in the Bronze Age Upper Xiajiadian culture with a decreased genetic affinity with YR farmers. However, the population history of the southern WLR is unknown mainly due to the lack of ancient genetic data. Here we report the genomic data of an ancient individual from the Majiazishan site from the Late Bronze Age southern WLR region associated with Upper Xiajiadian culture. Unlike individuals from western WLR, this individual derived ancestry entirely from Late Neolithic YR farmers. We found a genetic substructure of the ancient human population of Upper Xiajiadian culture, which is consistent with the differences in the subsistence strategies of western and southern WLR. Climate deterioration led to different populations occupying the west and the south, respectively, in the WLR: the nomadic population from the Amur River (AR) in the west and the agricultural population from the YR in the south.","PeriodicalId":101317,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION","volume":"65 9","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135726644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Suellen M. Gales, Kristene T. Parsons, Ellen E. Biesack, Jonathan Ready, Raquel Siccha‐Ramirez, Leonardo C. Rosa, Ricardo Rosa, Matheus M. Rotundo, Roger Bills, Alan Erik S. Rodrigues, Luis Fernando S. Rodrigues‐Filho, Jan McDowell, João Bráullio L. Sales
Abstract Gymnurid rays are found in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions around the world, where they are associated with sandy or muddy bottoms in coastal areas, being easily distinguished from other rays by the width of the disc. In recent years, the systematics of this family have been revised extensively. However, there has been no comprehensive molecular review of the family based on an adequate sample of species and localities, which may have obscured the presence of distinct evolutionary lineages. The present study was based on samples of 12 of the 13 valid species of the genus Gymnura , which were used for a multilocus reconstruction of the evolutionary history of the family Gymnuridae. Our results indicate the existence of several cryptic gymnurid lineages, within the species Gymnura micrura, Gymnura lessae, Gymnura altavela , and Gymnura poecilura . Also, we indicate that only half of the species that compose the genus are known, as well their conservation status. The analyses also indicate that the gymnurids originated during the Paleocene, with events of dispersal and vicariance occurring through the formation of oceanographic barriers, and species diversification peaking during the Oligocene and Miocene. The results of the present study reinforce the need for a comprehensive revision of the systematics of the family, in particular, the widely distributed species that are considered valid taxa, but may, in fact, represent different cryptic species. The inadequate classification of this cryptic diversity may have negative implications for the development of effective conservation measures.
{"title":"Almost half of the <i>Gymnura</i> van Hasselt, 1823 species are unknown: Phylogeographic inference as scissors for cutting the hidden Gordian knot and clarify their conservation status","authors":"Suellen M. Gales, Kristene T. Parsons, Ellen E. Biesack, Jonathan Ready, Raquel Siccha‐Ramirez, Leonardo C. Rosa, Ricardo Rosa, Matheus M. Rotundo, Roger Bills, Alan Erik S. Rodrigues, Luis Fernando S. Rodrigues‐Filho, Jan McDowell, João Bráullio L. Sales","doi":"10.1111/jse.13027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.13027","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Gymnurid rays are found in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions around the world, where they are associated with sandy or muddy bottoms in coastal areas, being easily distinguished from other rays by the width of the disc. In recent years, the systematics of this family have been revised extensively. However, there has been no comprehensive molecular review of the family based on an adequate sample of species and localities, which may have obscured the presence of distinct evolutionary lineages. The present study was based on samples of 12 of the 13 valid species of the genus Gymnura , which were used for a multilocus reconstruction of the evolutionary history of the family Gymnuridae. Our results indicate the existence of several cryptic gymnurid lineages, within the species Gymnura micrura, Gymnura lessae, Gymnura altavela , and Gymnura poecilura . Also, we indicate that only half of the species that compose the genus are known, as well their conservation status. The analyses also indicate that the gymnurids originated during the Paleocene, with events of dispersal and vicariance occurring through the formation of oceanographic barriers, and species diversification peaking during the Oligocene and Miocene. The results of the present study reinforce the need for a comprehensive revision of the systematics of the family, in particular, the widely distributed species that are considered valid taxa, but may, in fact, represent different cryptic species. The inadequate classification of this cryptic diversity may have negative implications for the development of effective conservation measures.","PeriodicalId":101317,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION","volume":"67 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135725531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andrea C. Westerband, Tiffany M. Knight, Kasey E. Barton
Abstract Despite representing a fraction of the global terrestrial surface area, oceanic islands are disproportionately diverse in species, resulting from high rates of endemicity. Island plants are thought to share a unique phenotype—referred to as an island syndrome—which is thought to be driven by convergent evolution in response to selection by shared abiotic and biotic factors. One aspect of the island plant syndrome that has received relatively little research focus is that island plants are expected to have converged on conservative resource use associated with slow growth rates and weak competitive abilities. Here we tested whether native, woody Hawaiian plant species are phenotypically distinct—with more resource‐conservative leaf traits—compared to a globally distributed sample of continental species. Using an archipelago‐wide trait data set, we detected that on average, native Hawaiian species had lower leaf nutrient concentrations overall, and lower nutrient concentrations at high leaf mass per area, but no other phenotypic differences compared with continental plants. There was also considerable overlap in the trait spaces of native Hawaiian species and continental species. Our findings indicate that an island plant syndrome for leaf traits is not present in the Hawaiian flora, and that island species can demonstrate extensive variation in their resource‐use strategies, on a scale that is comparable with that of continental species worldwide.
{"title":"A test of island plant syndromes using resource‐use traits","authors":"Andrea C. Westerband, Tiffany M. Knight, Kasey E. Barton","doi":"10.1111/jse.13032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.13032","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Despite representing a fraction of the global terrestrial surface area, oceanic islands are disproportionately diverse in species, resulting from high rates of endemicity. Island plants are thought to share a unique phenotype—referred to as an island syndrome—which is thought to be driven by convergent evolution in response to selection by shared abiotic and biotic factors. One aspect of the island plant syndrome that has received relatively little research focus is that island plants are expected to have converged on conservative resource use associated with slow growth rates and weak competitive abilities. Here we tested whether native, woody Hawaiian plant species are phenotypically distinct—with more resource‐conservative leaf traits—compared to a globally distributed sample of continental species. Using an archipelago‐wide trait data set, we detected that on average, native Hawaiian species had lower leaf nutrient concentrations overall, and lower nutrient concentrations at high leaf mass per area, but no other phenotypic differences compared with continental plants. There was also considerable overlap in the trait spaces of native Hawaiian species and continental species. Our findings indicate that an island plant syndrome for leaf traits is not present in the Hawaiian flora, and that island species can demonstrate extensive variation in their resource‐use strategies, on a scale that is comparable with that of continental species worldwide.","PeriodicalId":101317,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION","volume":"4 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136134824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Fossil leaves, fruits, and woods assigned to Rhamnaceae have been recorded from India, however, there are no previous reports of rhamnaceous fossil flowers from India. Here, we report the first fossil flowers in appreciable numbers from the early Eocene (Palana Formation) sedimentary sequences of Gurha Lignite Mine, Rajasthan, western India, and show that they are attributable to Rhamnaceae. We examined variation in flower morphology among extant and extinct rhamnaceous species as a basis for interpreting our fossil flowers. The specimens are small star‐like, pentamerous, actinomorphic, gamosepalous flowers with triangular, keeled sepals with acute apices, spathulate, short‐clawed petals alternating with sepals, shallow, five‐lobed nectary disc with prominent pentagonal outer margin, and a centrally placed globose ovary with stigma scar. The flowers co‐occur with ziziphoid leaves and are recognized as a new species Eopaliura indica Patel, Rana & Khan sp. nov. Because of aforesaid characteristics, fossil flowers are easily identifiable as Rhamnaceae and should provide a reliable means of documenting the evolutionary history of this family during the Cenozoic.
{"title":"First buckthorn (Rhamnaceae) fossil flowers from India","authors":"Raman Patel, Rajendra Singh Rana, Ashif Ali, Taposhi Hazra, Mahasin Ali Khan","doi":"10.1111/jse.13024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.13024","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Fossil leaves, fruits, and woods assigned to Rhamnaceae have been recorded from India, however, there are no previous reports of rhamnaceous fossil flowers from India. Here, we report the first fossil flowers in appreciable numbers from the early Eocene (Palana Formation) sedimentary sequences of Gurha Lignite Mine, Rajasthan, western India, and show that they are attributable to Rhamnaceae. We examined variation in flower morphology among extant and extinct rhamnaceous species as a basis for interpreting our fossil flowers. The specimens are small star‐like, pentamerous, actinomorphic, gamosepalous flowers with triangular, keeled sepals with acute apices, spathulate, short‐clawed petals alternating with sepals, shallow, five‐lobed nectary disc with prominent pentagonal outer margin, and a centrally placed globose ovary with stigma scar. The flowers co‐occur with ziziphoid leaves and are recognized as a new species Eopaliura indica Patel, Rana & Khan sp. nov. Because of aforesaid characteristics, fossil flowers are easily identifiable as Rhamnaceae and should provide a reliable means of documenting the evolutionary history of this family during the Cenozoic.","PeriodicalId":101317,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION","volume":"325 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135405334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jacopo Franzoni, Giovanni Astuti, Gianluigi Bacchetta, Giulio Barone, Fabrizio Bartolucci, Liliana Bernardo, Angelino Carta, Fabio Conti, Gianniantonio Domina, Božo Frajman, Gianpietro Giusso del Galdo, Duilio Iamonico, Mauro Iberite, Luigi Minuto, Marco Sarigu, Ana Terlević, Alessia Turini, Lucia Varaldo, Daniel Volgger, Lorenzo Peruzzi
Abstract European wild carnations ( Dianthus ) are represented by a high number of taxa organized in unresolved taxonomies. In particular, taxa belonging to the Dianthus virgineus L. complex in the Central Mediterranean have been delimited mainly with qualitative morphological data and still await quantitative investigations, which are vital to understand boundaries and relations among plant diversity groups. Here, we examine the phenotypic features of nuclear genome organization testing for species boundaries in this complex. We have studied the chromosome number, the total haploid length (THL), and the relative genome size (RGS) in 122 populations belonging to 25 out of 33 taxa of the complex. All the studied populations have 2 n = 2 x = 30 chromosomes, and the THL ranges from 14.09 to 20.71 μm. Genome size estimations support the absence of polyploidization events, but show a certain degree of variation (0.318–0.423 arbitrary units). The RGS variation is not in agreement with current taxonomic treatment, but rather shows a geographical pattern, with higher values in Sicily and Sardinia. No correlation between the THL and the RGS was detected, possibly due to the stable chromosome number and the small size of chromosomes. A number of evolutionary unique groups lower than the number of currently accepted taxa may be hypothesized.
摘要欧洲野生康乃馨(石竹)是由大量的分类群组织在未解决的分类。特别是地中海中部Dianthus virgineus L.复合体的分类群划分主要依靠定性形态学资料，尚待定量研究，这对了解植物多样性群间的边界和关系至关重要。在这里，我们研究核基因组组织测试的表型特征物种边界在这个复杂。研究了该复合体33个类群中25个类群的122个居群的染色体数目、总单倍体长度(THL)和相对基因组大小(RGS)。所有研究群体均有2 n = 2 x = 30条染色体，THL范围为14.09 ~ 20.71 μm。基因组大小估计支持多倍体事件的缺失，但显示出一定程度的变异(0.318-0.423任意单位)。RGS变异与目前的分类学处理不一致，而是表现出地理格局，西西里岛和撒丁岛的值较高。THL与RGS无相关性，可能是由于染色体数目稳定，染色体长度较小。一些进化上独特的群体可能比目前公认的分类群的数量要少。
{"title":"A cytosystematic study of the <i>Dianthus virgineus</i> complex (Caryophyllaceae) in the Central Mediterranean","authors":"Jacopo Franzoni, Giovanni Astuti, Gianluigi Bacchetta, Giulio Barone, Fabrizio Bartolucci, Liliana Bernardo, Angelino Carta, Fabio Conti, Gianniantonio Domina, Božo Frajman, Gianpietro Giusso del Galdo, Duilio Iamonico, Mauro Iberite, Luigi Minuto, Marco Sarigu, Ana Terlević, Alessia Turini, Lucia Varaldo, Daniel Volgger, Lorenzo Peruzzi","doi":"10.1111/jse.13025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.13025","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract European wild carnations ( Dianthus ) are represented by a high number of taxa organized in unresolved taxonomies. In particular, taxa belonging to the Dianthus virgineus L. complex in the Central Mediterranean have been delimited mainly with qualitative morphological data and still await quantitative investigations, which are vital to understand boundaries and relations among plant diversity groups. Here, we examine the phenotypic features of nuclear genome organization testing for species boundaries in this complex. We have studied the chromosome number, the total haploid length (THL), and the relative genome size (RGS) in 122 populations belonging to 25 out of 33 taxa of the complex. All the studied populations have 2 n = 2 x = 30 chromosomes, and the THL ranges from 14.09 to 20.71 μm. Genome size estimations support the absence of polyploidization events, but show a certain degree of variation (0.318–0.423 arbitrary units). The RGS variation is not in agreement with current taxonomic treatment, but rather shows a geographical pattern, with higher values in Sicily and Sardinia. No correlation between the THL and the RGS was detected, possibly due to the stable chromosome number and the small size of chromosomes. A number of evolutionary unique groups lower than the number of currently accepted taxa may be hypothesized.","PeriodicalId":101317,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION","volume":"325 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135405480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
María J. Bena, Matias C. Baranzelli, Santiago M. Costas, Andrea Cosacov, María C. Acosta, Andrés Moreira‐Muñoz, Alicia N. Sérsic
Abstract Geoclimatic events driving South American aridization have generated biota differentiation due to barriers and new environment formation. New environments allow species climatic niche evolution, or the geographical expansion of an existing one. Understanding the role these processes play may clarify the evolution of South American biota. Gomphrena L. ranges across almost all the continent's arid environments. We tested whether South American drylands are biogeographically connected through the Gran Chaco but, due to different aridity levels, lineage diversification could have also been associated with the evolution of climatic niches and morphological or physiological traits. With available data, we generated a dated phylogeny, estimated ancestral ranges, performed diversification analyses, reconstructed ancestral states of two characters, and examined if niches have changed between lineages. Results showed that Gomphrena diversified throughout the easternmost South American drylands ~15.4 Ma, and subsequently three independent clades colonized the western arid regions during the last Andean pulse, and after the marine transgressions (~4.8–0.4 Ma) via the Gran Chaco. The colonization implied an increase in the diversification rate of annuals over perennials and the progressive east–west differentiation of the occupied climatic niche. This diversification was influenced by C 4 photosynthesis, which could have acted as a niche opener to conquer new environments after the Paranaean Sea withdrew. Spatiotemporal patterns found in Gomphrena suggest that geographical expansion and evolution of climatic niches played a common but decoupled role in promoting diversification. These results show that the Gran Chaco may have acted as a historical connection linking South American drylands.
{"title":"Linking South American dry regions by the Gran Chaco: Insights from the evolutionary history and ecological diversification of <i>Gomphrena</i> s.str. (Gomphrenoideae, Amaranthaceae)","authors":"María J. Bena, Matias C. Baranzelli, Santiago M. Costas, Andrea Cosacov, María C. Acosta, Andrés Moreira‐Muñoz, Alicia N. Sérsic","doi":"10.1111/jse.13023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.13023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Geoclimatic events driving South American aridization have generated biota differentiation due to barriers and new environment formation. New environments allow species climatic niche evolution, or the geographical expansion of an existing one. Understanding the role these processes play may clarify the evolution of South American biota. Gomphrena L. ranges across almost all the continent's arid environments. We tested whether South American drylands are biogeographically connected through the Gran Chaco but, due to different aridity levels, lineage diversification could have also been associated with the evolution of climatic niches and morphological or physiological traits. With available data, we generated a dated phylogeny, estimated ancestral ranges, performed diversification analyses, reconstructed ancestral states of two characters, and examined if niches have changed between lineages. Results showed that Gomphrena diversified throughout the easternmost South American drylands ~15.4 Ma, and subsequently three independent clades colonized the western arid regions during the last Andean pulse, and after the marine transgressions (~4.8–0.4 Ma) via the Gran Chaco. The colonization implied an increase in the diversification rate of annuals over perennials and the progressive east–west differentiation of the occupied climatic niche. This diversification was influenced by C 4 photosynthesis, which could have acted as a niche opener to conquer new environments after the Paranaean Sea withdrew. Spatiotemporal patterns found in Gomphrena suggest that geographical expansion and evolution of climatic niches played a common but decoupled role in promoting diversification. These results show that the Gran Chaco may have acted as a historical connection linking South American drylands.","PeriodicalId":101317,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION","volume":"27 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135463105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dong‐Mei Jin, Quan Yuan, Xi‐Ling Dai, Gregor Kozlowski, Yi‐Gang Song
Abstract Subtropical evergreen broad‐leaved forest (EBLF) is the predominant vegetation type in eastern China. However, the majority of the region it covers in eastern China was an arid area during the Paleogene. The temporal history and essential factors involved in the evolution of subtropical EBLFs in eastern China remain enigmatic. Here we report on the niche evolution of Quercus section Cyclobalanopsis , which appeared in south China and Japan during the Eocene and became a dominant component of subtropical EBLFs since the Miocene in eastern Asia, using integrative analysis of occurrences, climate data and a dated phylogeny of 35 species in Cyclobalanopsis . Species within clades Cyclobalanoides, Lamellosa, and Helferiana mainly exist in the Himalaya–Hengduan region, adapting to a plateau climate, while species within the other clades mainly live in eastern China under the control of the East Asian monsoon. Reconstructed history showed that significant divergence of climatic tolerance in Cyclobalanopsis began around 19 million years ago (Ma) in the early Miocene. Simultaneously, disparities in precipitation of wettest/warmest quarter and annual precipitation were markedly enhanced in Cyclobalanopsis , especially in the recent eastern clades. During the Miocene, the marked radiation of Cyclobalanopsis and many other dominant taxa of subtropical EBLFs strongly suggest the rapid formation and expansion of subtropical EBLFs in eastern China. Our research highlights that the intensification of the East Asian monsoon and subsequent occupation of new niches by the ancient clades already present in the south may have jointly promoted the formation of subtropical EBLFs in eastern China since the early Miocene.
{"title":"Enhanced precipitation has driven the evolution of subtropical evergreen broad‐leaved forests in eastern China since the early Miocene: Evidence from ring‐cupped oaks","authors":"Dong‐Mei Jin, Quan Yuan, Xi‐Ling Dai, Gregor Kozlowski, Yi‐Gang Song","doi":"10.1111/jse.13022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.13022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Subtropical evergreen broad‐leaved forest (EBLF) is the predominant vegetation type in eastern China. However, the majority of the region it covers in eastern China was an arid area during the Paleogene. The temporal history and essential factors involved in the evolution of subtropical EBLFs in eastern China remain enigmatic. Here we report on the niche evolution of Quercus section Cyclobalanopsis , which appeared in south China and Japan during the Eocene and became a dominant component of subtropical EBLFs since the Miocene in eastern Asia, using integrative analysis of occurrences, climate data and a dated phylogeny of 35 species in Cyclobalanopsis . Species within clades Cyclobalanoides, Lamellosa, and Helferiana mainly exist in the Himalaya–Hengduan region, adapting to a plateau climate, while species within the other clades mainly live in eastern China under the control of the East Asian monsoon. Reconstructed history showed that significant divergence of climatic tolerance in Cyclobalanopsis began around 19 million years ago (Ma) in the early Miocene. Simultaneously, disparities in precipitation of wettest/warmest quarter and annual precipitation were markedly enhanced in Cyclobalanopsis , especially in the recent eastern clades. During the Miocene, the marked radiation of Cyclobalanopsis and many other dominant taxa of subtropical EBLFs strongly suggest the rapid formation and expansion of subtropical EBLFs in eastern China. Our research highlights that the intensification of the East Asian monsoon and subsequent occupation of new niches by the ancient clades already present in the south may have jointly promoted the formation of subtropical EBLFs in eastern China since the early Miocene.","PeriodicalId":101317,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136185247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xu‐Long Yang, Qing‐Hui Sun, Diego F. Morales‐Briones, Jacob B. Landis, Da‐Juan Chen, Hong‐Xin Wang, Jun Wen, Hua‐Feng Wang
Abstract The discontinuous geographic distribution pattern of plants in the north temperate zone has been a focus of biogeographic research, especially concerning the mechanisms behind the formation of such a pattern and the spatial and temporal evolution of this intermittent distribution pattern. Hypotheses of boreotropical origin, land bridge migration, and out‐of‐Tibet have been proposed to explain the formation of the discontinuous distribution pattern. The distribution of Lonicera shows a typical Europe–Asia–North America discontinuous distribution, which makes for a good case study to investigate the above three hypotheses. In this study, we inferred the phylogeny based on plastid genomes and a nuclear data set with broad taxon sampling, covering 83 species representing two subgenera and four sections. Both nuclear and plastid phylogenetic analyses found section Isika polyphyletic, while sections Nintooa , Isoxylosteum , and Coelxylosteum were monophyletic in subgenus Chamaecerasus . Based on the nuclear and chloroplast phylogeny, we suggest transferring Lonicera maximowiczii and Lonicera tangutica into section Nintooa . Reconstruction of ancestral areas suggests that Lonicera originated in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP) and/or Asia, and subsequently dispersed to other regions. The aridification of the Asian interior may have facilitated the rapid radiation of Lonicera in the region. At the same time, the uplifts of the Tibetan Plateau appear to have triggered the spread and recent rapid diversification of the genus on the QTP and adjacent areas. Overall, our results deepen the understanding of the evolutionary diversification history of Lonicera .
{"title":"New insights into infrageneric relationships of <i>Lonicera</i> (Caprifoliaceae) as revealed by nuclear ribosomal DNA cistron data and plastid phylogenomics","authors":"Xu‐Long Yang, Qing‐Hui Sun, Diego F. Morales‐Briones, Jacob B. Landis, Da‐Juan Chen, Hong‐Xin Wang, Jun Wen, Hua‐Feng Wang","doi":"10.1111/jse.13014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.13014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The discontinuous geographic distribution pattern of plants in the north temperate zone has been a focus of biogeographic research, especially concerning the mechanisms behind the formation of such a pattern and the spatial and temporal evolution of this intermittent distribution pattern. Hypotheses of boreotropical origin, land bridge migration, and out‐of‐Tibet have been proposed to explain the formation of the discontinuous distribution pattern. The distribution of Lonicera shows a typical Europe–Asia–North America discontinuous distribution, which makes for a good case study to investigate the above three hypotheses. In this study, we inferred the phylogeny based on plastid genomes and a nuclear data set with broad taxon sampling, covering 83 species representing two subgenera and four sections. Both nuclear and plastid phylogenetic analyses found section Isika polyphyletic, while sections Nintooa , Isoxylosteum , and Coelxylosteum were monophyletic in subgenus Chamaecerasus . Based on the nuclear and chloroplast phylogeny, we suggest transferring Lonicera maximowiczii and Lonicera tangutica into section Nintooa . Reconstruction of ancestral areas suggests that Lonicera originated in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP) and/or Asia, and subsequently dispersed to other regions. The aridification of the Asian interior may have facilitated the rapid radiation of Lonicera in the region. At the same time, the uplifts of the Tibetan Plateau appear to have triggered the spread and recent rapid diversification of the genus on the QTP and adjacent areas. Overall, our results deepen the understanding of the evolutionary diversification history of Lonicera .","PeriodicalId":101317,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136358991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cai‐Xia Wei, Phillip E. Jardine, Li‐Mi Mao, Luke Mander, Mao Li, William D. Gosling, Carina Hoorn
Abstract The grasses are one of the most diverse plant families on Earth. However, their classification and evolutionary history are obscured by their pollen stenopalynous (similar) morphology. A combination of high‐resolution imaging of pollen surface ornamentation and computational analysis has previously been proposed as a promising tool to classify grass taxonomic boundaries. In this study, we test this hypothesis by studying Poaceae pollen across the phylogeny from plants collected in northern South America and also from published literature across the globe. We assessed if morphotypes that we establish using descriptive terminology are supported by computational analysis, if they vary along six (a)biotic variables and vary across the phylogeny. Based on this analysis, we constructed a reference framework for pollen surface ornamentation morphotypes. Our results showed that there is a wide variation of grass pollen surface ornamentation. We identified nine new and confirmed six known morphotypes, establishing a data set for 223 species (243 individual plant specimens) that represent 11 subfamilies. Computational analysis showed that our morphotypes are well‐supported by two quantitative features of pollen sculptural elements (size and density). The specific data set and mapping of the phylogeny confirmed that pollen morphological sculpture is unrelated to (a)biotic variables and is diverse across the phylogeny.
{"title":"Grass pollen surface ornamentation is diverse across the phylogeny: Evidence from northern South America and the global literature","authors":"Cai‐Xia Wei, Phillip E. Jardine, Li‐Mi Mao, Luke Mander, Mao Li, William D. Gosling, Carina Hoorn","doi":"10.1111/jse.13021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.13021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The grasses are one of the most diverse plant families on Earth. However, their classification and evolutionary history are obscured by their pollen stenopalynous (similar) morphology. A combination of high‐resolution imaging of pollen surface ornamentation and computational analysis has previously been proposed as a promising tool to classify grass taxonomic boundaries. In this study, we test this hypothesis by studying Poaceae pollen across the phylogeny from plants collected in northern South America and also from published literature across the globe. We assessed if morphotypes that we establish using descriptive terminology are supported by computational analysis, if they vary along six (a)biotic variables and vary across the phylogeny. Based on this analysis, we constructed a reference framework for pollen surface ornamentation morphotypes. Our results showed that there is a wide variation of grass pollen surface ornamentation. We identified nine new and confirmed six known morphotypes, establishing a data set for 223 species (243 individual plant specimens) that represent 11 subfamilies. Computational analysis showed that our morphotypes are well‐supported by two quantitative features of pollen sculptural elements (size and density). The specific data set and mapping of the phylogeny confirmed that pollen morphological sculpture is unrelated to (a)biotic variables and is diverse across the phylogeny.","PeriodicalId":101317,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135538448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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