Current Trends in Chronic Kidney Disease

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD), a major contributor to health care burden, is defined by persistent indicators of renal structural and or functional abnormalities. Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and obesity are important causes of chronic renal functional impairment. Increased consumption of carbonated beverages, high salt intake, smoking, and in developing countries, environmental toxic products, infections, pesticides, herbal medicines, use of contaminated water remain etiologic determinants of chronic nephropathy. CKD remains a high risk for cardiovascular disease and end-stage renal failure. Awareness by the public and healthcare providers of its determinants and its prognostic significance can prevent or reduce the development of CKD. In addition, adequate glycemic and blood pressure control preferably with blockers of the renin Angiotensin system are required therapeutic approaches. Acute kidney injury, a common complication of critically patients is associated with high mortality and, in survivals, of increased risk of CKD.