Impacts of Metals and Metalloids on Soil Microbial Diversity and Ecosystem Function

D. Crowley
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引用次数: 14

Abstract

Metal and metalloid concentrations in soil exert an enormous influence on the diversity, composition, and activity of soil microorganisms that carry out essential ecosystem services. At low concentrations, microorganisms can compete for essential trace elements that are required to support their growth and in this manner affect plant nutrition and disease through the production of metal chelators. At high concentrations, the toxic effects of metals result in reduced microbial diversity and altered rates of key biological processes that underlie ecosystem function. The latter is now of great concern as large land areas across the globe have become contaminated with metals from land application of wastes and atmospheric deposition of heavy metals. An understanding of how plants, soils, organic matter, and microorganisms influence metal transformations in the rhizosphere is thus critical for managing soils to assure the long term protection of soil quality, food safety, and ecosystem function. One of the major difficulties in making practical management decisions with respect to metal pollution for different types of soils has been our inability to derive bioindicators of soil quality that can provide indices of soil quality across the landscape at different scales and over time. Ecosystems respond very differently to acute and chronic metal toxicities depending on their chemical properties and prior exposure histories. Toxicities are particularly influenced by physico-chemical conditions in soils that influence the bioavailability of metals and metalloids to plants and microorganisms. Nonetheless, the dynamic nature of microbial communities, which respond much faster to changes in management practices than do soil physical and chemical properties enables us to use bioindicators as a sensitive tools for predicting possible long term changes in soil properties. From a land management perspective, it is critical that soil microbiologists offer appropriate bioindicators for use in measuring the impacts of soil pollution on soil biological properties and extend knowledge as to how specific bioindicators may reflect long term changes in soil quality that can be used to guide land management practices and remediation of contaminated soils. Responses of Microbial Communities to Metal Contamination The microbial community concept is based on the interactions among in all of the various species of bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and microfauna that carry out the various broad level functions of the soil, ranging from nutrient cycling to organic matter formation, and plant disease protection. Differences in the species composition of various soils are linked to changes in soil biological properties that in turn affect the long term chemical and physical properties and ability to support plant growth. Among the most basic functions are respiration
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金属及类金属对土壤微生物多样性及生态系统功能的影响
土壤中的金属和类金属浓度对土壤微生物的多样性、组成和活动产生巨大影响,而土壤微生物具有重要的生态系统服务功能。在低浓度下,微生物可以竞争支持其生长所需的必需微量元素,从而通过产生金属螯合剂影响植物营养和疾病。在高浓度下,金属的毒性作用导致微生物多样性减少,并改变生态系统功能基础上的关键生物过程的速率。由于废物的土地利用和大气中重金属的沉积,全球大片土地已受到金属污染,因此后者现在引起了极大的关注。因此,了解植物、土壤、有机物和微生物如何影响根际金属转化,对于管理土壤以确保土壤质量、食品安全和生态系统功能的长期保护至关重要。在对不同类型土壤的金属污染做出实际管理决策时,主要困难之一是我们无法得出土壤质量的生物指标,这些指标可以提供不同尺度和不同时间的土壤质量指数。生态系统对急性和慢性金属毒性的反应非常不同,这取决于它们的化学性质和先前的接触史。毒性特别受到影响金属和类金属对植物和微生物生物可利用性的土壤理化条件的影响。尽管如此,微生物群落的动态特性比土壤物理和化学特性对管理实践变化的反应要快得多,这使我们能够使用生物指标作为预测土壤特性可能发生的长期变化的敏感工具。从土地管理的角度来看,至关重要的是,土壤微生物学家提供适当的生物指标,用于测量土壤污染对土壤生物特性的影响,并扩展有关特定生物指标如何反映土壤质量的长期变化的知识,这些变化可用于指导土地管理实践和污染土壤的修复。微生物群落的概念是基于所有不同种类的细菌、真菌、原生动物和微型动物之间的相互作用,这些细菌、真菌、原生动物和微型动物在土壤中执行各种广泛的功能,从养分循环到有机物形成和植物病害保护。各种土壤物种组成的差异与土壤生物特性的变化有关,而土壤生物特性的变化反过来又影响土壤的长期化学和物理特性以及支持植物生长的能力。呼吸是最基本的功能之一
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