Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912010000200004
F. Reyes, Zanetti Silvana, Alejandro Espinosa, A. Marysol
The temperate forests of south-central Chile belong to the association Lapageria aextoxiconetum Oberdorfer vegetation, dominated by Aextoxicon punctatum R. et P., elderly and multi-layered, where the strata are emergent, dominant and co-dominant, shrub and herbaceous epiphytes. This work is the first report of measurements of some biochemical properties in samples from vascular epiphytes substrate in temperate forests. We evaluated the most frequent ecological situations: bifurcated trees (BT), dead standing trees (SDT) and medium gap border trees (MGBT), ES were compared with the surrounding soil forest land (SS) as control. The microbial biomass and enzyme activities of substrate were higher in ES of BT, situation probably due to optimal micro-environmental conditions (moisture and humidity, temperature, organic matter (OM) content and nutrient availability); similarly, lower levels of activity were found in ES in MGBT situation. We found a statistically significant correlation (p ≤ 0.05) between evaluated microbial biomass and enzymatic activities. Furthermore, the biochemical properties were influenced by factors such as moisture, temperature, pH and OM content and all of these factors correlated significantly (P≤0.01) among them. These results demonstrate a difference between ES and SS in BT that should be explored to gain insights in understanding the processes of decomposition using the natural microcosms that ES provides.
智利中南部温带森林属apageria aextoxiconetum Oberdorfer联合植被，以Aextoxicon punctatum R. et P.为主，年龄大，层次多，地层为突出、优势和共优势、灌木和草本附生植物。本文首次报道了对温带森林中维管附生植物底物样品中某些生化特性的测量。我们评估了最常见的生态状况:分枝树(BT)、枯树(SDT)和中间距边树(MGBT)，并将ES与周围土壤林地(SS)作为对照。微生物生物量和底物酶活性较高，这可能与最佳微环境条件(湿度、温度、有机质含量和养分有效性)有关;同样，在MGBT情况下，ES的活动水平较低。我们发现评估的微生物生物量与酶活性之间存在统计学上显著的相关性(p≤0.05)。水分、温度、pH、OM含量等因素均对其生化特性有显著影响，且各因素之间呈极显著相关(P≤0.01)。这些结果表明了BT中ES和SS之间的差异，应该对其进行探索，以便利用ES提供的自然微观环境来理解分解过程。
{"title":"BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES IN VASCULAR EPIPHYTES SUBSTRATE FROM A TEMPERATE FOREST OF CHILE","authors":"F. Reyes, Zanetti Silvana, Alejandro Espinosa, A. Marysol","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912010000200004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912010000200004","url":null,"abstract":"The temperate forests of south-central Chile belong to the association Lapageria aextoxiconetum Oberdorfer vegetation, dominated by Aextoxicon punctatum R. et P., elderly and multi-layered, where the strata are emergent, dominant and co-dominant, shrub and herbaceous epiphytes. This work is the first report of measurements of some biochemical properties in samples from vascular epiphytes substrate in temperate forests. We evaluated the most frequent ecological situations: bifurcated trees (BT), dead standing trees (SDT) and medium gap border trees (MGBT), ES were compared with the surrounding soil forest land (SS) as control. The microbial biomass and enzyme activities of substrate were higher in ES of BT, situation probably due to optimal micro-environmental conditions (moisture and humidity, temperature, organic matter (OM) content and nutrient availability); similarly, lower levels of activity were found in ES in MGBT situation. We found a statistically significant correlation (p ≤ 0.05) between evaluated microbial biomass and enzymatic activities. Furthermore, the biochemical properties were influenced by factors such as moisture, temperature, pH and OM content and all of these factors correlated significantly (P≤0.01) among them. These results demonstrate a difference between ES and SS in BT that should be explored to gain insights in understanding the processes of decomposition using the natural microcosms that ES provides.","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"11 1","pages":"126-138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85192960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912010000100007
M. Cea, P. Cartes, G. Palma, M. Mora
Atrazine, a herbicide used for the control of broadleaf weeds of different crops, was incorporated in ethylcellulose controlled release formulations (CRFs) by using the solvent evaporation technique. Allophanic clays and nanoclays were incorporated as matrix modifying agents. The formulations were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and their behavior was determined in aqueous phase. Dissipation studies and soil columns experiments with CRFs were also carried out, and compared with commercial formulations (CFs). In addition, a short-term bioassay was performed to evaluate the effect of CRFs and CFs on the emergence and growth of field mustard (Brassica campestris L.) under greenhouse conditions. The matrix modifiers (clays and nanoclays) showed little influence on the particle morphology and atrazine encapsulation efficiency. Furthermore, these matrix modifiers had a slight effect on the atrazine release into water, its dissipation and its behavior in soil compared with the formulation without them. All CRFs increased the atrazine herbicidal activity and reduced their loss by leaching in soil. Although some similarities were found in the efficiency to reduce the seedling emergence between CRFs and CFs, a greater death of seedlings was observed in the CRFs, especially when nanoclays were added into the formulation. These facts denote an advantage of CRFs over CFs due to prolonged bio-efficiency, and longer applications intervals will be produced, minimizing the harmful impact on the environment.
{"title":"ATRAZINE EFFICIENCY IN AN ANDISOL AS AFFECTED BY CLAYS AND NANOCLAYS IN ETHYLCELLULOSE CONTROLLED RELEASE FORMULATIONS","authors":"M. Cea, P. Cartes, G. Palma, M. Mora","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912010000100007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912010000100007","url":null,"abstract":"Atrazine, a herbicide used for the control of broadleaf weeds of different crops, was incorporated in ethylcellulose controlled release formulations (CRFs) by using the solvent evaporation technique. Allophanic clays and nanoclays were incorporated as matrix modifying agents. The formulations were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and their behavior was determined in aqueous phase. Dissipation studies and soil columns experiments with CRFs were also carried out, and compared with commercial formulations (CFs). In addition, a short-term bioassay was performed to evaluate the effect of CRFs and CFs on the emergence and growth of field mustard (Brassica campestris L.) under greenhouse conditions. The matrix modifiers (clays and nanoclays) showed little influence on the particle morphology and atrazine encapsulation efficiency. Furthermore, these matrix modifiers had a slight effect on the atrazine release into water, its dissipation and its behavior in soil compared with the formulation without them. All CRFs increased the atrazine herbicidal activity and reduced their loss by leaching in soil. Although some similarities were found in the efficiency to reduce the seedling emergence between CRFs and CFs, a greater death of seedlings was observed in the CRFs, especially when nanoclays were added into the formulation. These facts denote an advantage of CRFs over CFs due to prolonged bio-efficiency, and longer applications intervals will be produced, minimizing the harmful impact on the environment.","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"362 1","pages":"62-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82641159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.4067/s0718-27912010000200008
R. Núñez, R. Demanet, M. Alfaro, M. Mora
In recent years, the intensification of livestock production in Southern Chile has resulted in a high potential for environmental damage through nitrogen (N) losses, creating the need for the evaluation of N flows from these systems. The aim of the research was to determine N budgets and N use efficiency in two grazing systems in Southern Chile. For this, inputs and outputs were measured during one year on two grazing systems (heavy grazing, HG; and light grazing, LG). Also, a control treatment with no grazing (C) was considered. The annual N soil budget was determined by the difference between all N inputs (£ inputs) and all N outputs (X outputs). The results of the experiment indicate that HG treatments received the biggest N input (427, 359 and 288 kg N ha-1 yr-1 for HG, LG and C treatment, respectively), however this treatment also had the biggest N losses (406 kg N ha-1 yr-1), with a nitrogen recovery efficiency from fertilizer of 71%. In addition, herbage dry matter yield (DM) was greater in the HG than in the LG and C treatments (10.4; 8.1 and 7.1 t N ha-1 yr-1, respectively). Also, N concentration in the forage was higher in this treatment (2.9%) than in the LG (2.7%) and C (2.5%) treatments. The results indicate that HG increases N use efficiency in pastures in Southern Chile, increasing the herbage production and quality, but also increasing the potential for N losses to the wider environment. Farmers should consider this when choosing the appropriate grazing system.
近年来，智利南部畜牧业生产的集约化导致氮(N)损失对环境造成巨大破坏的可能性，因此需要对这些系统的氮流量进行评估。研究的目的是确定智利南部两个放牧系统的氮素预算和氮素利用效率。为此，在两种放牧系统(重度放牧，HG;和轻度放牧，LG)。另外，还考虑了不放牧的对照处理(C)。土壤年度氮收支由所有N投入(£投入)和所有N产出(X产出)之间的差额决定。试验结果表明，HG、LG和C处理的N输入量最大(分别为427、359和288 kg N / h -1年-1)，但该处理的N损失也最大(406 kg N / h -1年-1)，氮素回收效率为71%。此外，HG处理的牧草干物质产量(DM)显著高于LG和C处理(10.4%;分别为8.1和7.1 t N ha-1 year -1)。此外，该处理的牧草氮含量(2.9%)高于LG(2.7%)和C(2.5%)处理。结果表明，HG提高了智利南部牧场氮素利用效率，提高了牧草产量和质量，但也增加了氮素向更广泛环境损失的可能性。农民在选择合适的放牧制度时应考虑到这一点。
{"title":"NITROGEN SOIL BUDGETS IN CONTRASTING DAIRY GRAZING SYSTEMS OF SOUTHERN CHILE, A SHORT-TERM STUDY","authors":"R. Núñez, R. Demanet, M. Alfaro, M. Mora","doi":"10.4067/s0718-27912010000200008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-27912010000200008","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, the intensification of livestock production in Southern Chile has resulted in a high potential for environmental damage through nitrogen (N) losses, creating the need for the evaluation of N flows from these systems. The aim of the research was to determine N budgets and N use efficiency in two grazing systems in Southern Chile. For this, inputs and outputs were measured during one year on two grazing systems (heavy grazing, HG; and light grazing, LG). Also, a control treatment with no grazing (C) was considered. The annual N soil budget was determined by the difference between all N inputs (£ inputs) and all N outputs (X outputs). The results of the experiment indicate that HG treatments received the biggest N input (427, 359 and 288 kg N ha-1 yr-1 for HG, LG and C treatment, respectively), however this treatment also had the biggest N losses (406 kg N ha-1 yr-1), with a nitrogen recovery efficiency from fertilizer of 71%. In addition, herbage dry matter yield (DM) was greater in the HG than in the LG and C treatments (10.4; 8.1 and 7.1 t N ha-1 yr-1, respectively). Also, N concentration in the forage was higher in this treatment (2.9%) than in the LG (2.7%) and C (2.5%) treatments. The results indicate that HG increases N use efficiency in pastures in Southern Chile, increasing the herbage production and quality, but also increasing the potential for N losses to the wider environment. Farmers should consider this when choosing the appropriate grazing system.","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"44 1","pages":"170-183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89540475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912010000100004
Leonardo V. Vera, J. C. Parra, L. Morales, C. Mattar, E. Jorquera-Fontena
The ability to estimate soil temperature (Ts) from satellite information is highly useful, since this is one of the main input variables in various models designed for estimating biophysical parameters. A comparative analysis is made of various Split-Window algorithms used to estimate soil temperature from data provided by the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) sensor on board of satellites of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The algorithms compared are those proposed by: Prata and Platt (1991); Uliveri et al. (1992); Sobrino et al. (1993); Caselles et al. (1997); Sobrino and Raissouni (2000). The temperature estimates were validated with data of the soil temperature in situ recorded in a data logger installed in a meteorological station belonging to La Araucania Region, Chile. The results showed that the algorithm proposed by Sobrino and Raissouni (2000) come the closest to the in situ data. However, there are no statistically significant differences between the different algorithms evaluated.
从卫星信息估计土壤温度(Ts)的能力非常有用，因为这是用于估计生物物理参数的各种模型的主要输入变量之一。对美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)卫星上的先进甚高分辨率辐射计(AVHRR)传感器提供的数据估算土壤温度的各种分窗算法进行了比较分析。比较的算法是由Prata和Platt(1991)提出的;Uliveri et al. (1992);Sobrino et al. (1993);Caselles et al. (1997);Sobrino and Raissouni(2000)。用安装在智利拉阿劳卡尼亚地区气象站的数据记录仪就地记录的土壤温度数据对温度估计进行了验证。结果表明，Sobrino和Raissouni(2000)提出的算法最接近于现场数据。然而，评估的不同算法之间没有统计学上的显著差异。
{"title":"COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SPLIT-WINDOW ALGORITHMS FOR ESTIMATING SOIL TEMPERATURE","authors":"Leonardo V. Vera, J. C. Parra, L. Morales, C. Mattar, E. Jorquera-Fontena","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912010000100004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912010000100004","url":null,"abstract":"The ability to estimate soil temperature (Ts) from satellite information is highly useful, since this is one of the main input variables in various models designed for estimating biophysical parameters. A comparative analysis is made of various Split-Window algorithms used to estimate soil temperature from data provided by the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) sensor on board of satellites of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The algorithms compared are those proposed by: Prata and Platt (1991); Uliveri et al. (1992); Sobrino et al. (1993); Caselles et al. (1997); Sobrino and Raissouni (2000). The temperature estimates were validated with data of the soil temperature in situ recorded in a data logger installed in a meteorological station belonging to La Araucania Region, Chile. The results showed that the algorithm proposed by Sobrino and Raissouni (2000) come the closest to the in situ data. However, there are no statistically significant differences between the different algorithms evaluated.","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"15 1","pages":"35-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80789647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912010000200005
J. Maia, M. Scotti
Nitrogen, in general, is the largest limiting plant growth nutrient in the tropics and is required as a synthetic fertilizer to improve plants productivity. Therefore, studies aiming in understanding and using nitrogen fixation by leguminous trees have been done as a low-cost alternative for chemical fertilizer. Native legume trees such as Inga vera have been recommended in the rehabilitation of degraded areas due their ability to establish symbiosis with nitrogen fixation organisms replacing nitrogen fertilization. These species are able to increase soil organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus availability. Thus, the present study aims to assess the inoculation effects of native rhizobia strains on nodulation, dry matter production, nitrogen and phosphorus leaf incorporation in I. vera seedlings. With this purpose, four strains were obtained from inga nodules and tested in a greenhouse. The inoculation of I. vera seedlings with native rhizobium strains promoted an increase in shoot dry mass as well as in leaf nitrogen content. According to symbiotic efficiency equation, this approach ranged from 50 to 80% indicating that the nitrogen fertilization for this species can be partially replaced by rhizobia inoculation.
{"title":"Growth of Inga vera Willd. subsp. Affinis under rizobia inoculation.","authors":"J. Maia, M. Scotti","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912010000200005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912010000200005","url":null,"abstract":"Nitrogen, in general, is the largest limiting plant growth nutrient in the tropics and is required as a synthetic fertilizer to improve plants productivity. Therefore, studies aiming in understanding and using nitrogen fixation by leguminous trees have been done as a low-cost alternative for chemical fertilizer. Native legume trees such as Inga vera have been recommended in the rehabilitation of degraded areas due their ability to establish symbiosis with nitrogen fixation organisms replacing nitrogen fertilization. These species are able to increase soil organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus availability. Thus, the present study aims to assess the inoculation effects of native rhizobia strains on nodulation, dry matter production, nitrogen and phosphorus leaf incorporation in I. vera seedlings. With this purpose, four strains were obtained from inga nodules and tested in a greenhouse. The inoculation of I. vera seedlings with native rhizobium strains promoted an increase in shoot dry mass as well as in leaf nitrogen content. According to symbiotic efficiency equation, this approach ranged from 50 to 80% indicating that the nitrogen fertilization for this species can be partially replaced by rhizobia inoculation.","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"10 1","pages":"139-149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85288081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912010000100005
Abdelbasset Lakhdar, R. Scelza, R. Scotti, M. Rao, N. Jedidi, L. Gianfreda, C. Abdelly
Saline soil was amended with 13.3 and 26.6 g kg -1 of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) compost or sewage sludge, and arylsulphatase (ARY), phosphatase (PHO), dehydrogenase (DEH), β-glucosidase (β-GLU), urease (URE) and catalase (CAT) activities as well as physical-chemical properties were determined after 70 day of incubation under laboratory conditions. MSW compost and sewage sludge significantly improved soil physical-chemical properties, especially carbon and nitrogen contents. Accordingly, overall enzyme activities were substantially promoted in presence of both amendments and the higher increases were measured at 13.3 g kg -1 of MSW compost (increases by 107%, 43%, 20%, 11%, and 148% for, DEH, β-GLU, PHO, URE, and CAT, respectively). Lower beneficial effects occurred at 26.6 g kg -1 of sewage sludge possibly because of the increased salinity or the presence of trace elements by sewage sludge application. As a general response, MSW compost supplied at 13.3 g kg -1 seems
用13.3和26.6 g kg -1的城市生活垃圾(MSW)堆肥或污水污泥对盐碱地进行改良，在实验室条件下培养70 d，测定其arylsulatase (ARY)、磷酸酶(PHO)、脱氢酶(DEH)、β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-GLU)、脲酶(URE)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性及其理化性质。城市生活垃圾堆肥和污水污泥显著改善了土壤的理化性质，特别是碳和氮含量。因此，两种添加物均显著提高了总体酶活性，在13.3 g kg -1的MSW堆肥中，DEH、β-GLU、PHO、URE和CAT的酶活性分别提高了107%、43%、20%、11%和148%。当污泥用量为26.6 g kg -1时，有益效果较低，可能是由于污泥的盐度增加或微量元素的存在。一般情况下，城市生活垃圾堆肥的供给量为13.3 g kg -1
{"title":"THE EFFECT OF COMPOST AND SEWAGE SLUDGE ON SOIL BIOLOGIC ACTIVITIES IN SALT AFFECTED SOIL","authors":"Abdelbasset Lakhdar, R. Scelza, R. Scotti, M. Rao, N. Jedidi, L. Gianfreda, C. Abdelly","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912010000100005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912010000100005","url":null,"abstract":"Saline soil was amended with 13.3 and 26.6 g kg -1 of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) compost or sewage sludge, and arylsulphatase (ARY), phosphatase (PHO), dehydrogenase (DEH), β-glucosidase (β-GLU), urease (URE) and catalase (CAT) activities as well as physical-chemical properties were determined after 70 day of incubation under laboratory conditions. MSW compost and sewage sludge significantly improved soil physical-chemical properties, especially carbon and nitrogen contents. Accordingly, overall enzyme activities were substantially promoted in presence of both amendments and the higher increases were measured at 13.3 g kg -1 of MSW compost (increases by 107%, 43%, 20%, 11%, and 148% for, DEH, β-GLU, PHO, URE, and CAT, respectively). Lower beneficial effects occurred at 26.6 g kg -1 of sewage sludge possibly because of the increased salinity or the presence of trace elements by sewage sludge application. As a general response, MSW compost supplied at 13.3 g kg -1 seems","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"84 1","pages":"40-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76953512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912010000100006
F. Gallardo, C. Bravo, G. Briceño, M. C. Diez
Sludge from kraft mill wastewater treatment was applied on two soils derived from volcanic ashes and, the effect on biological parameters of the soils was evaluated. The soils used in this study were an Andisol belonging of Gorbea Series and an Ultisol belonging of Collipulli Series. The sludge was added at rates of 0, 10, 20, 30 and 50 t ha -1 . Previously, germination of red clover (Trifolium pratense), white clover (Trifolium repens), alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and ryegrass (Lolium perenne) was tested to assess phytotoxicity of the sludge. The different soil-sludge mixtures were incubated at controlled temperature for 60 days and microbial respiration, microbial biomass carbon, fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis and acid phosphatase activity were evaluated throughout the incubation time. All biological parameters evaluated were sensitive enough to shown the effect of sewage sludge application on soil microorganisms. The sludge application at different rates increased significantly (P<0.05) the microbial activity and enzymatic activity of the sludge amended soils. The maximum levels of activity were observed between 15 and 30 days after sludge application in both Gorbea soil and Collipulli soil, obtaining the highest values when were applied between 30 and 50 t ha -1 . The results of this study suggest that sludge from kraft mill wastewater treatment may have potential as a beneficial soil amendment for improving biological properties of the soils.
将牛皮厂废水处理后的污泥应用于两种火山灰土，考察了其对土壤生物学参数的影响。本研究使用的土壤是属于Gorbea系列的Andisol和属于Collipulli系列的Ultisol。污泥的添加率分别为0、10、20、30和50吨/公顷。此前，对红三叶草(Trifolium pratense)、白三叶草(Trifolium repens)、苜蓿(Medicago sativa)和黑麦草(Lolium perenne)的萌发进行了测试，以评估污泥的植物毒性。不同的土壤-污泥混合物在受控温度下孵育60天，并在整个孵育时间内评估微生物呼吸，微生物生物量碳，荧光素双醋酸酯水解和酸性磷酸酶活性。所有评价的生物参数都足够敏感，可以显示污泥施用对土壤微生物的影响。不同施用量的污泥显著提高了污泥改良土壤的微生物活性和酶活性(P<0.05)。在Gorbea土壤和Collipulli土壤中，在施用污泥后的15至30天内观察到最大活性水平，在施用30至50 t ha -1时达到最高值。本研究结果表明，牛皮厂废水处理后的污泥有可能作为有益的土壤改良剂，改善土壤的生物特性。
{"title":"USE OF SLUDGE FROM KRAFT MILL WASTEWATER TREATMENT AS IMPROVER OF VOLCANIC SOILS: EFFECT ON SOIL BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS","authors":"F. Gallardo, C. Bravo, G. Briceño, M. C. Diez","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912010000100006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912010000100006","url":null,"abstract":"Sludge from kraft mill wastewater treatment was applied on two soils derived from volcanic ashes and, the effect on biological parameters of the soils was evaluated. The soils used in this study were an Andisol belonging of Gorbea Series and an Ultisol belonging of Collipulli Series. The sludge was added at rates of 0, 10, 20, 30 and 50 t ha -1 . Previously, germination of red clover (Trifolium pratense), white clover (Trifolium repens), alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and ryegrass (Lolium perenne) was tested to assess phytotoxicity of the sludge. The different soil-sludge mixtures were incubated at controlled temperature for 60 days and microbial respiration, microbial biomass carbon, fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis and acid phosphatase activity were evaluated throughout the incubation time. All biological parameters evaluated were sensitive enough to shown the effect of sewage sludge application on soil microorganisms. The sludge application at different rates increased significantly (P<0.05) the microbial activity and enzymatic activity of the sludge amended soils. The maximum levels of activity were observed between 15 and 30 days after sludge application in both Gorbea soil and Collipulli soil, obtaining the highest values when were applied between 30 and 50 t ha -1 . The results of this study suggest that sludge from kraft mill wastewater treatment may have potential as a beneficial soil amendment for improving biological properties of the soils.","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"1 1","pages":"48-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84629498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912010000200001
X. Z Ma, L. J Chen, Z. H Chen, Z.J Wu, L.L Zhang, Y.L Zhang
The purpose of this study was to measure the effects of different land uses on soil glycosidase activities (α- and β-glucosidase, α- and β-galactosidase), water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and their relationships. Glycosidase activities showed significant differences under different land use types, the highest one was woodland. βglucosidase had the highest activity among the four glycosidases. The activities of these glycosidases decreased with increasing soil depth, being all significantly affected by change of soil depth. Except grassland, the four glycosidase activities intercorrelated each other. Woodland had the highest content of WSOC in the soil depth of 0-20 cm and at increasing soil depth, WSOC content decreased sharply under woodland and grassland. Glycosidase activities had positive and significant relationships with WSOC. Glycosidase activities and WSOC all had significant correlations with soil total organic carbon (TOC) and pH, which were sensitive to different land use types. We found that glycosidase activity indirectly impacts on nutrient recycling and energy flow in soil under different land use types.
{"title":"SOIL GLYCOSIDASE ACTIVITIES AND WATER SOLUBLE ORGANIC CARBON UNDER DIFFERENT LAND USE TYPES","authors":"X. Z Ma, L. J Chen, Z. H Chen, Z.J Wu, L.L Zhang, Y.L Zhang","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912010000200001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912010000200001","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to measure the effects of different land uses on soil glycosidase activities (α- and β-glucosidase, α- and β-galactosidase), water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and their relationships. Glycosidase activities showed significant differences under different land use types, the highest one was woodland. βglucosidase had the highest activity among the four glycosidases. The activities of these glycosidases decreased with increasing soil depth, being all significantly affected by change of soil depth. Except grassland, the four glycosidase activities intercorrelated each other. Woodland had the highest content of WSOC in the soil depth of 0-20 cm and at increasing soil depth, WSOC content decreased sharply under woodland and grassland. Glycosidase activities had positive and significant relationships with WSOC. Glycosidase activities and WSOC all had significant correlations with soil total organic carbon (TOC) and pH, which were sensitive to different land use types. We found that glycosidase activity indirectly impacts on nutrient recycling and energy flow in soil under different land use types.","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"9 1","pages":"93-101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85306960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912010000200002
V. Muena, I. González, A. Neaman
El valle de Puchuncavi (Chile central) ha sido expuesto a las emisiones aereas provenientes de la fundicion de cobre Ventanas. Actualmente, los suelos en las cercanias de la fundicion presentan una escasa vegetacion, son acidos, deficientes en nitrogeno y contaminados con metales. Para reducir el riesgo ambiental, es necesario remediar estos suelos. La fitoestabilizacion considera el uso de plantas capaces de almacenar los metales en sus estructuras subterraneas, reduciendo asi su movimiento desde el suelo contaminado al aire y al agua. El exito del tratamiento depende de la aplicacion de enmiendas adecuadas que reducen la solubilidad de los metales en los suelos y, a la vez, mejoran sus condiciones para el desarrollo de la planta. Se evaluo el efecto del encalado y la fertilizacion nitrogenada sobre la emergencia de cotiledones, supervivencia, produccion de biomasa y acumulacion de cobre en Oenothera affinis cultivada en un suelo del valle de Puchuncavi bajo condiciones controladas. Oenothera affinis es una hierba perenne nativa, resistente a la sequia, facil de propagar a partir de semillas y que produce una gran cantidad de biomasa. Los suelos presentaron un pH en sal de 4,6 y una concentracion de cobre total de 800 mg kg-1. El encalado disminuyo las concentraciones de Cu y la actividad del Cu+2 en la solucion del suelo, pero no afecto la emergencia de cotiledones. Las plantas no sobrevivieron en los suelos no-encalados, mientras que la supervivencia fue del 100% en los suelos con un pH cercano al neutro. Por otro lado, en los suelos encalados, la fertilizacion nitrogenada no afecto la produccion de biomasa y aumento las concentraciones de cobre tanto en las raices como en los tejidos aereos. Se concluyo que el encalado es suficiente para mejorar las condiciones del suelo para el desarrollo de O. affinis en suelos acidos y contaminados por metales, permitiendo asi la potencial utilizacion de esta especie para la fitoestabilizacion.
{"title":"Effects of liming and nitrogen fertilization on the development of Oenothera affinis in a soil affected by copper mining","authors":"V. Muena, I. González, A. Neaman","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912010000200002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912010000200002","url":null,"abstract":"El valle de Puchuncavi (Chile central) ha sido expuesto a las emisiones aereas provenientes de la fundicion de cobre Ventanas. Actualmente, los suelos en las cercanias de la fundicion presentan una escasa vegetacion, son acidos, deficientes en nitrogeno y contaminados con metales. Para reducir el riesgo ambiental, es necesario remediar estos suelos. La fitoestabilizacion considera el uso de plantas capaces de almacenar los metales en sus estructuras subterraneas, reduciendo asi su movimiento desde el suelo contaminado al aire y al agua. El exito del tratamiento depende de la aplicacion de enmiendas adecuadas que reducen la solubilidad de los metales en los suelos y, a la vez, mejoran sus condiciones para el desarrollo de la planta. Se evaluo el efecto del encalado y la fertilizacion nitrogenada sobre la emergencia de cotiledones, supervivencia, produccion de biomasa y acumulacion de cobre en Oenothera affinis cultivada en un suelo del valle de Puchuncavi bajo condiciones controladas. Oenothera affinis es una hierba perenne nativa, resistente a la sequia, facil de propagar a partir de semillas y que produce una gran cantidad de biomasa. Los suelos presentaron un pH en sal de 4,6 y una concentracion de cobre total de 800 mg kg-1. El encalado disminuyo las concentraciones de Cu y la actividad del Cu+2 en la solucion del suelo, pero no afecto la emergencia de cotiledones. Las plantas no sobrevivieron en los suelos no-encalados, mientras que la supervivencia fue del 100% en los suelos con un pH cercano al neutro. Por otro lado, en los suelos encalados, la fertilizacion nitrogenada no afecto la produccion de biomasa y aumento las concentraciones de cobre tanto en las raices como en los tejidos aereos. Se concluyo que el encalado es suficiente para mejorar las condiciones del suelo para el desarrollo de O. affinis en suelos acidos y contaminados por metales, permitiendo asi la potencial utilizacion de esta especie para la fitoestabilizacion.","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"22 1","pages":"102-114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79369023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-01-01DOI: 10.4067/S0718-27912010000200007
P. Aguilera, G. Briceño, M. Mora, R. Demanet, G. Palma
The aim of this work was to establish the effect of the dose of liquid cow manure (LCM) on some chemical properties and biological activity in an Andisol. This study was carried out under laboratory conditions using an Andisol and LCM from a dairy farm located in the South of Chile. The dose of LCM were the equivalent to 0 (S0), 100 (S100), 200, (S200) and 300 (S300) thousand L ha -1 . This amount is equivalent to regular agronomic LCM applications. The chemical characterization indicated that the LCM addition modified all the tested Andisol chemical properties. These begin to return to the initial conditions from 10 days on, with the exception of EC, K and DOC. The C- CO2 evolution indicated that LCM incorporation at increasing dose enhanced the respiratory activity. Enzyme activity was greater in the amended soils than in S0. The results of this study indicated that the period of time necessary for the LCM amended soils returning to a similar behavior to S0 is more than 10 days, with a strong correlation between the chemical properties of the amended soils and their biological activity, mainly C-CO2 evolution.
本研究的目的是研究液体牛粪(LCM)剂量对安迪醇的一些化学性质和生物活性的影响。本研究在实验室条件下进行，使用来自智利南部奶牛场的Andisol和LCM。LCM的剂量分别为0 (S0)、100 (S100)、200 (S200)和300 (S300)千L ha -1。这个数量相当于常规的农艺LCM申请量。化学表征表明，LCM的加入改变了所有测试的andiol的化学性质。这些从10天开始恢复到初始状态，除了EC, K和DOC。C- CO2演化表明，随着剂量的增加，LCM掺入增强了呼吸活性。改良土壤的酶活性明显高于改良土壤。研究结果表明，LCM改良土壤恢复到与so0相似的行为所需的时间大于10 d，改性土壤的化学性质与其生物活性(主要是C-CO2演化)有很强的相关性。
{"title":"EFFECT OF LIQUID COW MANURE ON CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES IN AN ANDISOL","authors":"P. Aguilera, G. Briceño, M. Mora, R. Demanet, G. Palma","doi":"10.4067/S0718-27912010000200007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27912010000200007","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this work was to establish the effect of the dose of liquid cow manure (LCM) on some chemical properties and biological activity in an Andisol. This study was carried out under laboratory conditions using an Andisol and LCM from a dairy farm located in the South of Chile. The dose of LCM were the equivalent to 0 (S0), 100 (S100), 200, (S200) and 300 (S300) thousand L ha -1 . This amount is equivalent to regular agronomic LCM applications. The chemical characterization indicated that the LCM addition modified all the tested Andisol chemical properties. These begin to return to the initial conditions from 10 days on, with the exception of EC, K and DOC. The C- CO2 evolution indicated that LCM incorporation at increasing dose enhanced the respiratory activity. Enzyme activity was greater in the amended soils than in S0. The results of this study indicated that the period of time necessary for the LCM amended soils returning to a similar behavior to S0 is more than 10 days, with a strong correlation between the chemical properties of the amended soils and their biological activity, mainly C-CO2 evolution.","PeriodicalId":54472,"journal":{"name":"Revista De La Ciencia Del Suelo Y Nutricion Vegetal","volume":"13 1","pages":"158-169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89614498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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