Democracy, expertise and loyalty: Spoils systems or experts’ oligarchy

Dragan Stanar
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Abstract

Virtue of loyalty represents one of the core virtues in democratic systems, as it enables the will of citizens to be implemented via decisions of elected government. Expertise represents a necessary attribute of every successful state apparatus, and it is an inevitable ingredient of all progress. This paper aims to explain the dynamic relationship between expertise and loyalty of non-elected personnel in democratic societies, with the focus on developing democracies, like the Serbian democracy. Neglection of loyalty to the legitimately elected government in favor of expertise undermines the core principles of democracy and drives a society into a sort of ?expert oligarchy?, in which there is no equality, and the will of the majority is ignored by the expert elite. On the other hand, neglection of expertise of appointed personnel in favor of their loyalty, as seen in the so-called spoils systems, is a recipe for a disaster and erosion of the entire society, as it places the state in the hands of ignorant laymen who can only offer unlimited loyalty. It is necessary to establish a minimum of expertise and loyalty of appointed, non-elected, personnel in democracies in order to create optimal conditions for progress. Inability to respect the principle of minimal expertise when appointing personnel in state apparatus suggests faulty policy and unfoundedness of policy of legitimately elected government.
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民主、专业知识和忠诚:战利品制度或专家寡头
忠诚美德是民主制度的核心美德之一,它使公民的意志通过民选政府的决策得以实现。专业知识是每一个成功的国家机器的必要属性,也是所有进步不可避免的组成部分。本文旨在解释民主社会中非选举人员的专业知识与忠诚度之间的动态关系,重点是发展中的民主国家,如塞尔维亚民主。忽视对合法选举产生的政府的忠诚而支持专家,破坏了民主的核心原则,并将社会推向某种“专家寡头”。在这种情况下,不存在平等,大多数人的意愿被专家精英所忽视。另一方面,像所谓的分赃制度那样,忽视被任命人员的专业知识,有利于他们的忠诚,这是一种灾难和整个社会的侵蚀,因为它将国家置于无知的外行手中,他们只能提供无限的忠诚。在民主国家,有必要使任命的、非选举产生的人员具有最低限度的专门知识和忠诚,以便为进步创造最佳条件。在任命国家机构人员时,不能尊重最低限度的专业知识原则,这表明合法选举的政府政策有缺陷,政策没有基础。
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