Community and spatial distribution of bats (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) in the industrial city Yekaterinburg

Eugenia M. Pervushina
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Yekaterinburg is located in Russia, close to the Asian-European border (56°50'N, 60°35'E.). Animals were observed and captured during the warm season using a mobile trap and a MAGENTA ELECTRONICS MK II ultrasonic detector (England). Museum materials (Yekaterinburg, Russia, Ural Federal University named after B.N.Yeltsin, Sverdlovsk Regional Museum, Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology UB RAS - IPAE 983653, IPAE 773780) were examined. The study was conducted according to the guidelines of international and national guidelines, and approved by the Ethics Commitee of IPAE UB RAS (protocol №11 29.04.2022). All captured animals were released into nature. Residents reported information about the distribution of animals (125 detection points of bats) for the period 2001-2020. For analysis, two zones of the built-up area of the city without forest parks were identified: zone I - the center and zone II - the remaining built-up part (See Fig. 1). To analyze spatial distribution, distances from the detection points of animals to the nearest squares, alleys, parks, forest parks, floodplain areas and city water-bodies of various sizes were calculated. In the vicinity of encounters and captures, urban buildings are described as sites of potential refuges (material, number of storeys). In total, more than 110 individuals of 5 species were counted during the surveys (See Table 1). The migratory species Vespertilio murinus, and sedentary species wintering in Ural caves - Eptesicus nils-sonii, Myotis daubentonii, M. dasycneme were found in zones I and II. M. brandtii (reported by V.E. Polyakov) was found in the forest-park zone. V. murinus is predominant, and E. nilssonii is the second largest. Both species were found in the city during the warm season (forming brood colonies) and, possibly, they overwinter in the city. Most of the bats were found near brick and panel 2-16-storey houses (See Fig. 2-a). In zone I, the detection points near older 2-6-storey buildings were significantly more frequent (х2 = 3.7; p < 0.05). In zone II, outside the center, the detection points of bats near 9-16 storey buildings were significantly more frequent = 6.4; p < 0.05). Most detections (81%) of bats in the city as a whole were observed in the immediate vicinity or at a distance of 200-500 m from large parks, boulevards, gardens, etc. (See Fig. 2-b). The frequency of detection of bats at a distance of more than 1 km from large plantations is significantly higher in zone II (7.6%, x2 = 8.9-10.1; p < 0.05). In relation to water-bodies, clear dependence in the location of animals was not found (See Fig. 2-c). Most often, bats use feeding stations near small areas of woody vegetation between residential buildings in yards and at a considerable distance from large water-bodies (72% of cases). At these feeding stations (zone I - center), the abundance of insects is lower than in their natural habitat (See Fig. 3). The spatial distribution of bats is associated with the quality of urban development and the presence of areas of woody vegetation, and does not depend on the presence of large water-bodies. It can be assumed that these distribution patterns of bats are due to the ecology of the background species V. murinus. The species diversity of the city's bats is reduced in comparison to their natural habitat (5 species out of 10 inhabit them). Similar reduction of bat species diversity is noted in other cities of Russia and Ukraine (See Table 2). It can be assumed that the low bat species diversity in Yekaterinburg is an indicator of the poor quality of urban greening.","PeriodicalId":37153,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Tomskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta-Biologiya","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4000,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Vestnik Tomskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta-Biologiya","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.17223/19988591/57/5","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q4","JCRName":"BIOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
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Abstract

Bats have been living next to people for a long time, and they have successfully inhabited cities. Abundant information on the peculiarities of their ecology in urban conditions has been obtained for North America, Australia and Europe. Research of this problem for Russia is not numerous and is of interest. This paper presents information on the population of bats in the large industrial city of Yekaterinburg. The main aim is to study the species diversity and spatial distribution of bats, taking into account three factors that determine the quality of the animal habitat in the city (the presence of areas of woody vegetation and water-bodies as a feeding station; various buildings as suitable shelters). Yekaterinburg is located in Russia, close to the Asian-European border (56°50'N, 60°35'E.). Animals were observed and captured during the warm season using a mobile trap and a MAGENTA ELECTRONICS MK II ultrasonic detector (England). Museum materials (Yekaterinburg, Russia, Ural Federal University named after B.N.Yeltsin, Sverdlovsk Regional Museum, Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology UB RAS - IPAE 983653, IPAE 773780) were examined. The study was conducted according to the guidelines of international and national guidelines, and approved by the Ethics Commitee of IPAE UB RAS (protocol №11 29.04.2022). All captured animals were released into nature. Residents reported information about the distribution of animals (125 detection points of bats) for the period 2001-2020. For analysis, two zones of the built-up area of the city without forest parks were identified: zone I - the center and zone II - the remaining built-up part (See Fig. 1). To analyze spatial distribution, distances from the detection points of animals to the nearest squares, alleys, parks, forest parks, floodplain areas and city water-bodies of various sizes were calculated. In the vicinity of encounters and captures, urban buildings are described as sites of potential refuges (material, number of storeys). In total, more than 110 individuals of 5 species were counted during the surveys (See Table 1). The migratory species Vespertilio murinus, and sedentary species wintering in Ural caves - Eptesicus nils-sonii, Myotis daubentonii, M. dasycneme were found in zones I and II. M. brandtii (reported by V.E. Polyakov) was found in the forest-park zone. V. murinus is predominant, and E. nilssonii is the second largest. Both species were found in the city during the warm season (forming brood colonies) and, possibly, they overwinter in the city. Most of the bats were found near brick and panel 2-16-storey houses (See Fig. 2-a). In zone I, the detection points near older 2-6-storey buildings were significantly more frequent (х2 = 3.7; p < 0.05). In zone II, outside the center, the detection points of bats near 9-16 storey buildings were significantly more frequent = 6.4; p < 0.05). Most detections (81%) of bats in the city as a whole were observed in the immediate vicinity or at a distance of 200-500 m from large parks, boulevards, gardens, etc. (See Fig. 2-b). The frequency of detection of bats at a distance of more than 1 km from large plantations is significantly higher in zone II (7.6%, x2 = 8.9-10.1; p < 0.05). In relation to water-bodies, clear dependence in the location of animals was not found (See Fig. 2-c). Most often, bats use feeding stations near small areas of woody vegetation between residential buildings in yards and at a considerable distance from large water-bodies (72% of cases). At these feeding stations (zone I - center), the abundance of insects is lower than in their natural habitat (See Fig. 3). The spatial distribution of bats is associated with the quality of urban development and the presence of areas of woody vegetation, and does not depend on the presence of large water-bodies. It can be assumed that these distribution patterns of bats are due to the ecology of the background species V. murinus. The species diversity of the city's bats is reduced in comparison to their natural habitat (5 species out of 10 inhabit them). Similar reduction of bat species diversity is noted in other cities of Russia and Ukraine (See Table 2). It can be assumed that the low bat species diversity in Yekaterinburg is an indicator of the poor quality of urban greening.
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叶卡捷琳堡工业城市蝙蝠(翼翅目,蝙蝠科)群落及空间分布
蝙蝠在人类身边生活了很长时间,它们成功地居住在城市里。关于北美、澳大利亚和欧洲在城市条件下其生态特性的大量资料已经获得。俄罗斯对这一问题的研究并不多,但也很有趣。本文介绍了大型工业城市叶卡捷琳堡蝙蝠种群的信息。主要目的是研究蝙蝠的物种多样性和空间分布,考虑到决定城市动物栖息地质量的三个因素(木本植被和水体作为觅食站的存在;各种建筑物作为合适的避难所)。叶卡捷琳堡位于俄罗斯,靠近亚欧边境(北纬56°50,东经60°35)。在温暖季节,使用移动陷阱和MAGENTA ELECTRONICS MK II超声波探测器观察和捕获动物。博物馆资料(叶卡捷琳堡,俄罗斯,以叶利钦命名的乌拉尔联邦大学,斯维尔德洛夫斯克地区博物馆,植物和动物生态研究所UB RAS - IPAE 983653, IPAE 773780)进行了检查。该研究是根据国际和国家指南的指导方针进行的,并由IPAE UB RAS伦理委员会批准(协议№11 29.04.2022)。所有捕获的动物都被放归自然。居民报告了2001-2020年期间动物分布(125个蝙蝠检测点)的信息。为了进行分析,我们将城市建成区中没有森林公园的区域划分为两个区域:I区(中心)和II区(剩余建成区)(如图1所示)。为了分析空间分布,我们计算了动物检测点到最近的不同大小的广场、小街、公园、森林公园、漫滩区和城市水体的距离。在遭遇战和俘虏的附近,城市建筑被描述为潜在的避难所(材料,层数)。调查共发现5种110余只(见表1)。第I区和第II区分别发现了乌拉尔洞穴越冬的迁徙种Vespertilio murinus和定居种Eptesicus nils-sonii、Myotis daubentonii、M. dasycneme。M. brandtii(由V.E. Polyakov报道)在森林公园区被发现。murinus居优势,nilssonii次之。这两个物种都是在温暖的季节在城市发现的(形成育雏群),它们可能在城市越冬。大多数蝙蝠出现在2-16层的砖房和板房附近(见图2-a)。在I区,靠近较老的2-6层建筑的测点频率明显更高(х2 = 3.7;P < 0.05)。在II区,中心外9-16层建筑物附近蝙蝠的检出点显著增加= 6.4;P < 0.05)。整个城市的大部分蝙蝠(81%)是在大型公园、林荫大道、花园等附近或200-500米距离处被发现的(见图2-b)。II区距离大型人工林1 km以上的蝙蝠检出率显著高于其他区域(7.6%,x2 = 8.9 ~ 10.1;P < 0.05)。在水体方面,动物的位置没有明显的依赖性(见图2-c)。最常见的是,蝙蝠在院子里的住宅建筑物之间的小块木本植被附近和离大水体相当远的地方使用喂食站(72%的病例)。在这些喂食站(I区-中心),昆虫的丰度低于它们的自然栖息地(见图3)。蝙蝠的空间分布与城市发展的质量和木本植被的存在有关,而不依赖于大型水体的存在。可以假设蝙蝠的这些分布模式是由于背景物种V. murinus的生态。与自然栖息地相比,城市蝙蝠的物种多样性有所减少(10种蝙蝠中有5种栖息在它们身上)。俄罗斯和乌克兰的其他城市也出现了类似的蝙蝠物种多样性减少(见表2)。可以认为,叶卡捷琳堡蝙蝠物种多样性低是城市绿化质量差的一个指标。
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