The aftermath of a trophic cascade: Increased anoxia following species invasion of a eutrophic lake

Abstract

Species invasions can disrupt aquatic ecosystems by re-wiring food webs. A trophic cascade triggered by the invasion of the predatory zooplankter spiny water flea (Bythotrephes cederströmii) resulted in increased phytoplankton due to decreased zooplankton grazing. Here, we show that increased phytoplankton biomass led to an increase in lake anoxia. The temporal and spatial extent of anoxia experienced a step change increase coincident with the invasion. Anoxia was driven by phytoplankton biomass and stratification changes, and anoxic factor increased by 10 days. In particular, anoxia established more quickly following spring stratification. A shift in spring phytoplankton phenology encompassed both abundance and community composition. Diatoms (Bacillaryophyta) drove the increase in spring phytoplankton biomass, but not all phytoplankton community members increased, shifting the community composition. We infer that increased phytoplankton biomass increased labile organic matter and drove hypolimnetic oxygen consumption. These results demonstrate how a species invasion can shift lake phenology and biogeochemistry. Scientific significance statement Invasive species can affect aquatic ecosystems, often by disrupting food webs. We investigated whether the invasive predatory zooplankton spiny water flea could additionally impact the biogeochemistry of a lake, specifically hypolimnetic anoxia dynamics. Using 24 years of observations spanning a spiny water flea invasion that triggered a food web-mediated increase in phytoplankton, we found that increased spring phytoplankton coincided with an earlier onset of anoxia, thereby drawing a connection between a species invasion and a shift in lake oxygen dynamics. Data availability statement All data is publicly available through the Environmental Data Initiative via identifiers referenced in the methods. Scripts and data to reproduce the results are available on GitHub (https://github.com/robertladwig/spinyAnoxia) and in Rohwer et al. (2023). Author contributions RRR and RL co-led the entire manuscript effort and contributed equally. RL and RRR came up with the research question and conducted the statistical and numerical analyses: RL analysed the anoxia dynamics and related water quality variables, RRR analysed the phytoplankton community dynamics. RL, RRR, and HAD created figures and visualizations. PCH, JW and JVZ provided essential feedback to the analyses and the discussion of ecosystem implications. RRR and RL co-wrote the paper.