Cadmium thiosulfate complexes can be assimilated by a green alga via a sulfate transporter but do not increase Cd toxicity

Abstract

Environmental context Thiosulfate is present in natural waters, especially those influenced by sulfide oxidation, and it has a marked affinity for metals such as cadmium. Normally the binding of cadmium by thiosulfate would be expected to reduce the metal’s bioavailability. However, here we demonstrate that algal uptake of cadmium is enhanced in the presence of thiosulfate, indicating that Cd can enter the alga via a novel route as an intact Cd-thiosulfate complex. Rationale For a given free metal ion activity in the exposure solution, the Biotic Ligand Model assumes that metal uptake will be independent of the various ligands present in solution that are buffering [M^z+]. In this context, we have evaluated cadmium bioavailability in the absence or presence of thiosulfate, using Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as the test alga. Methodology Short-term exposures (≤41 min) were run with a fixed concentration of the free Cd²⁺ ion (3.0 ± 0.1 nM), buffered with either nitrilotriacetate or thiosulfate, to determine Cd uptake. Subsequent long-term exposures (72 h) over a range of free Cd²⁺ concentrations were used to determine the effects of Cd on algal growth. Results Contrary to Biotic Ligand Model predictions, Cd uptake was enhanced when Cd²⁺ was buffered with thiosulfate. Removal of sulfate from this exposure medium increased Cd uptake; conversely, if [SO₄²⁻] was increased, Cd uptake decreased. In the absence of thiosulfate, Cd uptake was unaffected by changes in [SO₄²⁻]. In the long-term exposures, the cellular Cd quota needed to reduce algal growth by 50% was significantly higher in the presence of thiosulfate than in its absence. Discussion In the presence of thiosulfate, Cd can enter the algal cell not only by cation transport but also by transport of the intact Cd-thiosulfate complex via the anion transporter responsible for sulfate uptake. We speculate that some of the Cd taken up by anion transport remains in complexed form and is less bioavailable than the Cd that enters the cell via cation transport.