A New Concept for Surgery in European Hospitals? Records of Practice in Germany, Italy, and Spain During the Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries.

IF 0.2 4区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE NTM Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI:10.1007/s00048-022-00355-6
Annemarie Kinzelbach, Florian Wieser
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Abstract

The recent discovery of a manuscript has allowed historians to understand the medical routine in a hospital known as the Schneidhaus in Augsburg between the sixteenth and nineteenth century. The context of the manuscript shows that at this institution, non-academic specialists, generally members of the guild of barber-surgeons and barbers, routinely performed surgical cures of intestinal hernia, scrotal swellings, and vesical calculus. The Schneidhaus exclusively admitted patients applying for such specialised treatments and offered no other services. Such a degree of specialisation within medical establishments seems to have only existed in the Holy Roman Empire at this institution founded by the Fugger family in Augsburg. We propose that the Schneidhaus was either itself a model hospital or adopted a model from another site in Europe. In this paper, we investigate the connections of the Schneidhaus to the practice of surgeons in both Italy and Spain. In Italy, a momentous new technique for identifying and removing vesical calculi was first published in 1522. Although surgical treatment was established in Italian hospitals, they tended not to specialise in such surgical treatment exclusively. Moreover, at the time of the hospital's foundation, the Fugger shifted their economic and social focus from Venice to the Iberian Peninsula. In Spain, research in the history of medicine is complicated by outdated notions about specialised surgery, not unlike those that were recently still current regarding the Holy Roman Empire. We attempt to disprove these notions and use the exemplary textbook of one academic physician, Francisco Díaz, to approach specialized surgical practice in sixteenth-century Spain. In his work, Díaz describes the new Italian surgical method in detail and recognizes the importance of craftsman surgeons to both its development and application. However, he also argues for an expanded role for academic physicians as supervisors of craftsman surgeons' work. All this is suggestive of a greater network of surgical professionals within which both the methods of the craft and its organisational structures were transported. As such, the Schneidhaus can be seen as a node that embodied the institutionalization of surgical practice as a European phenomenon. Further research is necessary, and we propose how this might be carried out to reveal these historical phenomena in their full complexity.

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欧洲医院外科手术的新理念?16世纪和17世纪早期德国、意大利和西班牙的实践记录。
最近发现的一份手稿使历史学家能够了解16世纪至19世纪奥格斯堡一家名为施耐德豪斯的医院的医疗程序。手稿的背景表明,在这个机构里,非学术专家,通常是理发师和理发师协会的成员,例行地进行肠疝、阴囊肿胀和膀胱结石的手术治疗。施耐德豪斯只接纳申请这种专门治疗的病人,不提供其他服务。这种程度的专业化医疗机构似乎只存在于神圣罗马帝国由富格家族在奥格斯堡建立的这个机构。我们认为,施耐德豪斯要么本身就是一所模范医院,要么就是采用了欧洲另一所医院的模式。在本文中,我们调查的连接施耐德豪斯外科医生的做法在意大利和西班牙。1522年,意大利首次发表了一项重大的膀胱结石鉴定和切除新技术。虽然意大利医院建立了外科治疗,但它们往往不专门从事这种外科治疗。此外,在医院成立的时候,富格尔家族将他们的经济和社会重心从威尼斯转移到了伊比利亚半岛。在西班牙,医学史的研究被一些关于专业外科手术的过时观念搞得很复杂,就像那些关于神圣罗马帝国的过时观念一样。我们试图反驳这些观念,并使用一位学术医生弗朗西斯科Díaz的典范教科书来接近十六世纪西班牙的专业外科实践。在他的工作中,Díaz详细描述了新的意大利手术方法,并认识到工匠外科医生对其发展和应用的重要性。然而,他也主张扩大学术医生作为手艺人外科医生工作监督者的作用。所有这一切都暗示了一个更大的外科专业人员网络,在这个网络中,手术方法和组织结构都得到了传播。因此,施耐德豪斯可以被视为一个节点,它体现了外科实践作为一种欧洲现象的制度化。进一步的研究是必要的,我们建议如何进行研究,以揭示这些历史现象的全部复杂性。
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NTM
NTM HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE-
CiteScore
0.70
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0.00%
发文量
33
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