Influence of watershed on the accumulation of heavy metals in sediments of urban rivers under tropical conditions: Case of N’djili and Lukaya rivers in Kinshasa Democratic Republic of the Congo

Abstract

The contamination of freshwater resource by heavy metals is still a major environmental and human health concern globally. The release of these contaminants into the aquatic environment can lead to the pollution of water resources and generate risks for aquatic living organisms and human health. The sediments can act as reservoir for heavy metals, thereby they are used to assess the pollution status of the rivers. In the present investigation, surface sediments collected from two urban rivers named, N’djili and Lukaya draining through the city of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo were characterized for grain size, organic matter (OM) and heavy metals. Additionally, Sediment Quality Guidelines for the protection of aquatic life (SQGs), enrichment factor (EF) and geoaccumulation index (Igeo) were performed to determine the river pollution status. The results highlight high concentrations of heavy metals in sediment samples mainly from N’djili River, reaching the values (mg kg⁻¹) of 180.3 (Cu), 451.5 (Zn), 185.8 (Pb) and 4.1 (Hg). These values exceed the SQGs. Based on EF and Igeo values, the sediments from the two rivers have severe enrichment and polluted with Cu, Zn and Pb, and moderate enrichment of Cr and As. In general, the positive correlation was observed between some heavy metals and OM suggesting that these contaminants could have originated from common sources with a similar transport pathway. Based on the SQGs, EF and Igeo, N’djili River is considered as highly polluted with heavy metals indicating environmental and human health potential risks. The results of this study clearly indicate that the pollution of urban rivers in developing countries can be explained by several anthropogenic activities such as urban runoff, uncontrolled landfills in riverbanks, untreated wastewater from densely populated areas, anarchic commercial and industrial settlements, and heavy road traffic. The approaches used in this study represent a useful tool to assess the river sediment quality of urban river which can be applied to similar environment.