International approaches to reducing the risk of highly hazardous chemicals exposure on human health and to the selection criteria for substitution by safer analogues (literature review)

A. S. Proskurina, Khalidya Khizbulaevna Khamidulina, E. Tarasova
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引用次数: 2

Abstract

Introduction. Replacing hazardous substances with less hazardous ones is a basic principle of any good chemical risk management. At the first stage of scientific research on the development of a national concept for the replacement of highly hazardous chemicals in the composition of products (food, synthetic detergents and household chemicals, pesticides, paints and varnishes, basic chemicals) with safer analogues, the purpose of the research was: •to study international and domestic approaches to the organization of monitoring and regulation of substances highly hazardous to human health and the environment; •analysis, selection and scientific substantiation of criteria for selecting chemicals for their replacement with safer analogues. Materials and methods. materials, used for the analysis were the literature sources from the bibliographic databases Web of Science, MedLine, EMBASE, Global Health, PubMed, Scopus, RSCI. The guidelines and recommendations of the OECD, WHO, ILO, FAO, UNEP on the organization and implementation of monitoring of highly hazardous chemicals in environmental objects have been studied and analyzed. A number of international agreements are considered, which are based on criteria for prohibiting or restricting the use of substances on the market that cause an unacceptable risk. Results. An analysis of international approaches to the sound management of chemicals has shown that the identification of causal relationships between health and/or environmental conditions and exposure to a chemical factor is a trigger for the concept of substitution. In this regard, the tools and databases of socio-hygienic monitoring carried out by Rospotrebnadzor can serve as the basis for identifying highly hazardous substances that require management decisions to be made to ban, restrict circulation and replace them with safe analogues. The study of foreign and domestic materials on the selection of priority criteria for identifying substances of greatest concern for the purpose of risk assessment and further regulation showed that the following indicators are the main ones: •biological activity (carcinogens, mutagens, GHS class 1A and 1B reprotoxicants, endocrine disruptors), •stability in the environment, •bioaccumulative potential (bioconcentration factor BCF >2000, partition coefficient n-octanol/water Log Kow ≥ 4), •the possibility of cross-media transfer (air, water flows), •toxicity to representatives of aquatic biota (acute and chronic toxicity of hazard class 1 in accordance with GHS), •production volumes (volumes of emissions and discharges), •number of contacts.
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减少接触高度危险化学品对人类健康的风险的国际办法和以更安全的类似物替代的选择标准(文献审查)
介绍。用危害较小的物质替代有害物质是任何良好的化学品风险管理的基本原则。在制定以更安全的类似物取代产品(食品、合成洗涤剂和家用化学品、农药、油漆和清漆、基本化学品)成分中的高度危险化学品的国家概念的科学研究的第一阶段,研究的目的是:•研究国际和国内组织监测和管制对人类健康和环境高度危险物质的方法;•分析、选择和科学证实选择化学品的标准,以便用更安全的类似物替代。材料和方法。用于分析的资料来源于文献数据库Web of Science、MedLine、EMBASE、Global Health、PubMed、Scopus、RSCI。研究和分析了经合发组织、卫生组织、劳工组织、粮农组织、环境规划署关于组织和执行监测环境物体中高度危险化学品的准则和建议。正在考虑若干国际协定,这些协定以禁止或限制在市场上使用造成不可接受风险的物质的标准为基础。结果。对国际化学品无害管理办法的分析表明,确定健康和(或)环境条件与接触某种化学因素之间的因果关系是产生替代概念的一个因素。在这方面,Rospotrebnadzor开展的社会卫生监测工具和数据库可以作为查明高度危险物质的基础,这些物质需要作出管理决定,禁止、限制流通,并用安全的类似物代替。通过对国内外材料为风险评估和进一步监管选择最关注物质识别优先标准的研究表明,以下指标是主要指标:•生物活性(致癌物、诱变剂、GHS 1A类和1B类生殖毒物、内分泌干扰物)、•环境稳定性、•生物蓄积潜力(生物浓缩系数BCF >2000,正辛醇/水分配系数logow≥4)、•跨媒介转移的可能性(空气、水流)、•对水生生物群代表的毒性(根据GHS 1类危害的急性和慢性毒性)、•产量(排放量和排水量)、•联系人数量。
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