A numerical study of convective-scale downdrafts in the outer core of tropical cyclones in vertically varying environmental flows

IF 2.4 4区 地球科学 Q3 METEOROLOGY & ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES Tropical Cyclone Research and Review Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI:10.1016/j.tcrr.2020.06.002
Jingjing Cheng , Qingqing Li
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引用次数: 1

Abstract

The characteristics of convective-scale downdrafts in the outer core of tropical cyclones in the lower- and upper-layer vertical wind shear (VWS) are investigated based on two high-resolution idealized numerical experiments. Four types of outer-core downdrafts, originating from the lower troposphere, the midtroposphere, the upper level, and the tropopause, respectively, are found. The downdrafts originating from the lower and midtroposphere can penetrate down near the surface, and those originating from the tropopause in upper-layer VWS tend to penetrate more downward than in lower-layer VWS. Downdrafts tend to be located in the more upwind portion of the downshear-right quadrant in lower-layer VWS than in upper-layer VWS. The frequency of downdrafts outside and upwind of the parent updraft increases with the increasing downdraft top height. Vertical momentum budgets indicate that downward-oriented buoyancy due to the evaporational cooling of rainwater and precipitation drag mainly contribute to the occurrence of low-level downdrafts, and the midlevel and upper-level downdrafts originate due to precipitation drag and are strengthened by the downward-oriented, buoyancy-induced perturbation pressure gradient. The processes governing the downdrafts from the tropopause are different between the two experiments. More icy-type particles are produced and transported outward at upper levels in the lower-layer shear experiment, resulting in larger downward-oriented buoyancy due to the sublimational cooling of icy-type particles and contributing to the development/maintenance of the downdraft from the tropopause in that experiment. However, the downward-oriented perturbation pressure gradient leads to the development/maintenance of the downdraft from the tropopause in the upper-layer shear experiment.

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垂直变化环境气流中热带气旋外核对流尺度下降气流的数值研究
基于两个高分辨率理想数值实验,研究了低层和高层垂直风切变(VWS)下热带气旋外核对流尺度下降气流的特征。发现了四种类型的外核下降气流,分别来自对流层低层、对流层中层、高层和对流层顶。源自对流层低层和中层的下沉气流在近地表附近都能向下穿透,而源自对流层顶的下沉气流在高空的穿透程度要大于下层。在低层VWS中,下沉气流往往位于下行切变右象限的逆风部分,而在上层VWS中则相反。随着下降气流顶部高度的增加,上升气流外部和逆风的下降气流频率增加。垂直动量平衡表明,雨水蒸发冷却和降水阻力导致的下向浮力是低层下沉气流形成的主要原因,中高层下沉气流是由降水阻力引起的,并被浮力诱发的下向摄动压力梯度加强。控制对流层顶下降气流的过程在两个实验中是不同的。在低层切变实验中,上层产生并向外输送了更多的冰型粒子,由于冰型粒子的升华冷却而产生了更大的向下导向浮力,并有助于该实验中对流层顶下行气流的发展/维持。而在高空切变实验中,向下方向的扰动压力梯度导致对流层顶下行气流的发展/维持。
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来源期刊
Tropical Cyclone Research and Review
Tropical Cyclone Research and Review METEOROLOGY & ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES-
CiteScore
4.60
自引率
3.40%
发文量
184
审稿时长
30 weeks
期刊介绍: Tropical Cyclone Research and Review is an international journal focusing on tropical cyclone monitoring, forecasting, and research as well as associated hydrological effects and disaster risk reduction. This journal is edited and published by the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee (TC) and the Shanghai Typhoon Institute of the China Meteorology Administration (STI/CMA). Contributions from all tropical cyclone basins are welcome. Scope of the journal includes: • Reviews of tropical cyclones exhibiting unusual characteristics or behavior or resulting in disastrous impacts on Typhoon Committee Members and other regional WMO bodies • Advances in applied and basic tropical cyclone research or technology to improve tropical cyclone forecasts and warnings • Basic theoretical studies of tropical cyclones • Event reports, compelling images, and topic review reports of tropical cyclones • Impacts, risk assessments, and risk management techniques related to tropical cyclones
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