Pub Date : 2024-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.tcrr.2024.08.001
Adolfo Quesada-Román , Hugo G. Hidalgo , Eric J. Alfaro
Tropical cyclones (TC) pose a persistent natural hazard to Costa Rica. Exposure to natural hazards, such as mass movements and floods, is compounded by a growing urban population and inadequate land use planning. This study conducted a comprehensive analysis of the economic impacts of TC of Costa Rica from Hurricane Joan in 1988 to Hurricane Eta in 2020, assessing the impact by municipality and economic sector using baseline information of the Ministry of National Planning and Economic Policy. According to the study, road infrastructure (933.8 US million), agriculture (280.5 US million), river rehabilitation (153.96 US million), housing 98.26 (US million), and health (81.74 US million) were among the sectors most severely affected by TC over the past 30 years. The Pacific basin municipalities in Costa Rica were found to be the most vulnerable, primarily due to the indirect impacts of TC. The study's results offer useful information on the economic sectors and municipalities that are most exposed from TC in Costa Rica and provide a replicable methodology for other regions and countries facing similar tropical phenomena.
{"title":"Assessing the impact of tropical cyclones on economic sectors in Costa Rica, Central America","authors":"Adolfo Quesada-Román , Hugo G. Hidalgo , Eric J. Alfaro","doi":"10.1016/j.tcrr.2024.08.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tcrr.2024.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tropical cyclones (TC) pose a persistent natural hazard to Costa Rica. Exposure to natural hazards, such as mass movements and floods, is compounded by a growing urban population and inadequate land use planning. This study conducted a comprehensive analysis of the economic impacts of TC of Costa Rica from Hurricane Joan in 1988 to Hurricane Eta in 2020, assessing the impact by municipality and economic sector using baseline information of the Ministry of National Planning and Economic Policy. According to the study, road infrastructure (933.8 US million), agriculture (280.5 US million), river rehabilitation (153.96 US million), housing 98.26 (US million), and health (81.74 US million) were among the sectors most severely affected by TC over the past 30 years. The Pacific basin municipalities in Costa Rica were found to be the most vulnerable, primarily due to the indirect impacts of TC. The study's results offer useful information on the economic sectors and municipalities that are most exposed from TC in Costa Rica and provide a replicable methodology for other regions and countries facing similar tropical phenomena.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":44442,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Cyclone Research and Review","volume":"13 3","pages":"Pages 196-207"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142529063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.tcrr.2024.08.002
Gengjiao Ye , Pingzhi Fang , Hui Yu
Traditionally, an empirical speed-up factor was introduced to reflect the effects of nonflat terrain on near-surface wind speeds. In this paper, the resistance effects of nonflat terrain are considered by introducing the terrain drag coefficient in the parametric wind field model for tropical cyclones (TCs) with a theoretical method. Terrain effects on wind fields are investigated in complex areas along the coastal zone in China under TC conditions. The results show that the terrain drag coefficient is the function of the slope angle and is sensitive to the spatial resolution. After including the resistance effect of nonflat terrain, the TC intensities weaken overall during landfall, with a slight enhancement near the coastal zone. The wind speeds outside the radius of the maximum wind speed decrease, while the wind speeds within the radius of the maximum wind speed increase. Both the TC eye and the radius of maximum wind speed shrink, which is more obvious when the TC center is entirely over land. As a result, the location and magnitude of the maximum wind speed are affected by the nonflat terrain. The changed structure of the wind fields demonstrates the necessity of considering the effects of nonflat terrain in simulating the wind fields under TC conditions.
{"title":"A theoretical method to characterize the resistance effects of nonflat terrain on wind fields in a parametric wind field model for tropical cyclones","authors":"Gengjiao Ye , Pingzhi Fang , Hui Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.tcrr.2024.08.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tcrr.2024.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditionally, an empirical speed-up factor was introduced to reflect the effects of nonflat terrain on near-surface wind speeds. In this paper, the resistance effects of nonflat terrain are considered by introducing the terrain drag coefficient in the parametric wind field model for tropical cyclones (TCs) with a theoretical method. Terrain effects on wind fields are investigated in complex areas along the coastal zone in China under TC conditions. The results show that the terrain drag coefficient is the function of the slope angle and is sensitive to the spatial resolution. After including the resistance effect of nonflat terrain, the TC intensities weaken overall during landfall, with a slight enhancement near the coastal zone. The wind speeds outside the radius of the maximum wind speed decrease, while the wind speeds within the radius of the maximum wind speed increase. Both the TC eye and the radius of maximum wind speed shrink, which is more obvious when the TC center is entirely over land. As a result, the location and magnitude of the maximum wind speed are affected by the nonflat terrain. The changed structure of the wind fields demonstrates the necessity of considering the effects of nonflat terrain in simulating the wind fields under TC conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":44442,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Cyclone Research and Review","volume":"13 3","pages":"Pages 161-174"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142529060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.tcrr.2024.08.006
Zhiming Feng , Chenfei Liao , Jinyu Zeng
Based on the ERA5 reanalysis data and the surface observations from automatic weather stations, a comparative analysis has been conducted to investigate the differences in heavy rainfall distributions caused by two landfalling tropical cyclones (TCs): LUPIT (2109) and LISA (9610). The two TCs have similar tracks, intensity and landing points, but show different asymmetric features in their rainstorm location relative to their tracks. The results indicate that the TC rainfall differences are mainly caused by different rainstorm formation mechanisms. The wind shear contributes most to the rainstorm of LISA, while land-sea contrast and topographical effect are the main factors of LUPIT rainstorm. Under the influence of strong environmental vertical wind shear and the weak cold air invasion from the west, the circulation center of LISA tilts westward with height, which cooperates with the low-level water vapor convergence and vertical ascending movement on the western side of the TC center to jointly cause the heavy rainstorm to the west of LISA center. In contrast, LUPIT has weak environmental vertical wind shear and no obvious structure tilting with height. Topographic effect plays a crucial role in causing the heavy rainstorm on the north of TC center. The southeasterly jet is blocked by the Taimu Mountain in the northeastern Fujian Province, and the strong ascending motion caused by the terrain-induced convergence appears to the north of LUPIT center. In addition, the moisture convergence is more pronounced in the north and weaker in the south. The intrusion of weak cold air from the east to the coastal areas of central-northern Fujian, and the moisture-convergence distribution, jointly cause the heavy rainstorm to the north of LUPIT.
基于ERA5再分析数据和自动气象站的地面观测资料，我们对两个登陆热带气旋（TC）造成的强降雨分布差异进行了对比分析：LUPIT (2109) 和 LISA (9610)。这两个热带气旋的路径、强度和登陆点相似，但其暴雨位置相对于其路径呈现出不同的不对称特征。结果表明，热带气旋降雨量的差异主要是由不同的暴雨形成机制造成的。风切变对 LISA 的暴雨贡献最大，而陆海对比和地形效应是 LUPIT 暴雨的主要因素。在强大的环境垂直风切变和西侧弱冷空气入侵的影响下，LISA 的环流中心随着高度的增加向西倾斜，与 TC 中心西侧的低层水汽辐合和垂直上升运动共同作用，导致 LISA 中心西侧的暴雨。相比之下，LUPIT的环境垂直风切变较弱，结构随高度的倾斜不明显。地形效应是造成TC中心北侧暴雨的关键因素。东南气流受福建省东北部太姥山阻挡，地形辐合引起的强烈上升运动出现在鲁北TC中心以北。此外，北部的水汽辐合更为明显，南部则较弱。东部弱冷空气侵入闽中北部沿海地区，加上水汽辐合分布，共同造成了鲁北地区的暴雨。
{"title":"Comparative analysis of heavy rainfall area between landfalling typhoon LUPIT (2109) and typhoon LISA (9610)","authors":"Zhiming Feng , Chenfei Liao , Jinyu Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.tcrr.2024.08.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tcrr.2024.08.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Based on the ERA5 reanalysis data and the surface observations from automatic weather stations, a comparative analysis has been conducted to investigate the differences in heavy rainfall distributions caused by two landfalling tropical cyclones (TCs): LUPIT (2109) and LISA (9610). The two TCs have similar tracks, intensity and landing points, but show different asymmetric features in their rainstorm location relative to their tracks. The results indicate that the TC rainfall differences are mainly caused by different rainstorm formation mechanisms. The wind shear contributes most to the rainstorm of LISA, while land-sea contrast and topographical effect are the main factors of LUPIT rainstorm. Under the influence of strong environmental vertical wind shear and the weak cold air invasion from the west, the circulation center of LISA tilts westward with height, which cooperates with the low-level water vapor convergence and vertical ascending movement on the western side of the TC center to jointly cause the heavy rainstorm to the west of LISA center. In contrast, LUPIT has weak environmental vertical wind shear and no obvious structure tilting with height. Topographic effect plays a crucial role in causing the heavy rainstorm on the north of TC center. The southeasterly jet is blocked by the Taimu Mountain in the northeastern Fujian Province, and the strong ascending motion caused by the terrain-induced convergence appears to the north of LUPIT center. In addition, the moisture convergence is more pronounced in the north and weaker in the south. The intrusion of weak cold air from the east to the coastal areas of central-northern Fujian, and the moisture-convergence distribution, jointly cause the heavy rainstorm to the north of LUPIT.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":44442,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Cyclone Research and Review","volume":"13 3","pages":"Pages 175-186"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142529061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.tcrr.2024.08.005
Pingzhi Fang , Tao Huo , Junjun Pan , Guihan Luan
Using high-frequency onshore wind data from four different heights of a coastal tower, the variations in gust factor with turbulence intensity, height and wind speed were studied under typhoon conditions. The gust factor increases with increasing turbulence intensity and, most often, can be described by a linear relationship with the turbulence intensity. The gust factor decreases with height and is relatively small compared with those presented in the national codes and other studies. A value of 2.5 is acceptable for the peak factor, which is close to the recommended value of the national code in China. The gust factor increases with increasing wind speed and is also affected by the wind direction. The gust factor has a value to that of previously published results when the wind flows roughly perpendicular to the shoreline, and has a smaller value when the wind flows roughly parallel to the shoreline. The phenomenon is caused by the confinement of shoreline on the sea wave development. Sea waves tend to propagate normal to the shoreline because of the refraction effect. As a result, a shorter roughness length exists in the parallel direction to the shoreline. It can be further explained by the weakness in the momentum flux exchange between the air and sea based on the wave form drag theory when the wind flows parallel to the shoreline.
{"title":"Variations in gust factor with wind direction and height based on the measurements from a coastal tower during three landfalling typhoons","authors":"Pingzhi Fang , Tao Huo , Junjun Pan , Guihan Luan","doi":"10.1016/j.tcrr.2024.08.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tcrr.2024.08.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Using high-frequency onshore wind data from four different heights of a coastal tower, the variations in gust factor with turbulence intensity, height and wind speed were studied under typhoon conditions. The gust factor increases with increasing turbulence intensity and, most often, can be described by a linear relationship with the turbulence intensity. The gust factor decreases with height and is relatively small compared with those presented in the national codes and other studies. A value of 2.5 is acceptable for the peak factor, which is close to the recommended value of the national code in China. The gust factor increases with increasing wind speed and is also affected by the wind direction. The gust factor has a value to that of previously published results when the wind flows roughly perpendicular to the shoreline, and has a smaller value when the wind flows roughly parallel to the shoreline. The phenomenon is caused by the confinement of shoreline on the sea wave development. Sea waves tend to propagate normal to the shoreline because of the refraction effect. As a result, a shorter roughness length exists in the parallel direction to the shoreline. It can be further explained by the weakness in the momentum flux exchange between the air and sea based on the wave form drag theory when the wind flows parallel to the shoreline.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":44442,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Cyclone Research and Review","volume":"13 3","pages":"Pages 187-195"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142529062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.tcrr.2024.08.004
Yihong DUAN, Jinping LIU, Clarence FONG, Michael FU
The ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee is an intergovernmental regional organization dealing with typhoon (tropical cyclones) related disasters. Millions of people around the Asia-Pacific region remain exposed to a higher frequency and intensity of natural hazards. For more developed countries, tropical cyclone related impacts cause major social and economic disruptions through loss of lives and property. With recognizing the importance of aligning its efforts with UN Early Warnings for All (EW4All) initiative which aims to strengthen early warning systems globally, Typhoon Committee resolved to initiate the monitoring of ongoing or past efforts by TC Members in contributing to the four key pillars of the EW4all initiative aiming to (1) evaluate the Committee's contributions to EW4All; and (2) identify the opportunities for enhancing performance through Member Reports and the WGs’ AOP specification. TC had its 18th IWS/4th TRCG forum with a theme of “Early Warnings for All Through Enhancement of Typhoon Standard Operating Procedures (SOP)” and “Towards a Typhoon Resilient Society”; TC Secretary (TCS) initiated a reviewing and monitoring on the ongoing or previous efforts of TC Members, through analyzing the AOPs’ implementation of TC WGs, in contributing to the pillars of the EW4All initiative with the objective of enabling an evaluation of the Committee's contributions to EW4All and identify opportunities for further enhancing its performance. This paper intends to discuss the directions on how to further enhance TC activities aligning with and contribution to EW4All in future.
{"title":"Discussion on the enhancement of Typhoon Committee activities for UN EW4All initiative","authors":"Yihong DUAN, Jinping LIU, Clarence FONG, Michael FU","doi":"10.1016/j.tcrr.2024.08.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tcrr.2024.08.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee is an intergovernmental regional organization dealing with typhoon (tropical cyclones) related disasters. Millions of people around the Asia-Pacific region remain exposed to a higher frequency and intensity of natural hazards. For more developed countries, tropical cyclone related impacts cause major social and economic disruptions through loss of lives and property. With recognizing the importance of aligning its efforts with UN Early Warnings for All (EW4All) initiative which aims to strengthen early warning systems globally, Typhoon Committee resolved to initiate the monitoring of ongoing or past efforts by TC Members in contributing to the four key pillars of the EW4all initiative aiming to (1) evaluate the Committee's contributions to EW4All; and (2) identify the opportunities for enhancing performance through Member Reports and the WGs’ AOP specification. TC had its 18th IWS/4th TRCG forum with a theme of “Early Warnings for All Through Enhancement of Typhoon Standard Operating Procedures (SOP)” and “Towards a Typhoon Resilient Society”; TC Secretary (TCS) initiated a reviewing and monitoring on the ongoing or previous efforts of TC Members, through analyzing the AOPs’ implementation of TC WGs, in contributing to the pillars of the EW4All initiative with the objective of enabling an evaluation of the Committee's contributions to EW4All and identify opportunities for further enhancing its performance. This paper intends to discuss the directions on how to further enhance TC activities aligning with and contribution to EW4All in future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":44442,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Cyclone Research and Review","volume":"13 3","pages":"Pages 208-218"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142529056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Super Typhoon Doksuri is a significant meteorological challenge for China this year due to its strong intensity and wide influence range, as well as significant and prolonged hazards. In this work, we studied Doksuri's main characteristics and assessed its forecast accuracy meticulously based on official forecasts, global models and regional models with lead times varying from 1 to 5 days. The results indicate that Typhoon Doksuri underwent rapid intensification and made landfall at 09:55 BJT on July 28 with a powerful intensity of 50 m s−1 confirmed by the real-time operational warnings issued by China Meteorological Administration (CMA). The typhoon also caused significant wind and rainfall impacts, with precipitation at several stations reaching historical extremes, ranking eighth in terms of total rainfall impact during the event. The evaluation of forecast accuracy for Doksuri suggests that Shanghai Multi-model Ensemble Method (SSTC) and Fengwu Model are the most effective for short-term track forecasts. Meanwhile, the forecasts from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and United Kingdom Meteorological Office (UKMO) are optimal for long-term predictions. It is worth noting that objective forecasts systematically underestimate the typhoon maximum intensity. The objective forecast is terribly poor when there is a sudden change in intensity. CMA-National Digital Forecast System (CMA-NDFS) provides a better reference value for typhoon accumulated rainfall forecasts, and regional models perform well in forecasting extreme rainfall. The analyses above assist forecasters in pinpointing challenges within typhoon predictions and gaining a comprehensive insight into the performance of each model. This improves the effective application of model products.
{"title":"Analysis of characteristics and evaluation of forecast accuracy for Super Typhoon Doksuri (2023)","authors":"Rong Guo , Runling Yu , Mengqi Yang , Guomin Chen , Chen Chen , Peiyan Chen , Xin Huang , Xiping Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.tcrr.2024.09.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tcrr.2024.09.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Super Typhoon Doksuri is a significant meteorological challenge for China this year due to its strong intensity and wide influence range, as well as significant and prolonged hazards. In this work, we studied Doksuri's main characteristics and assessed its forecast accuracy meticulously based on official forecasts, global models and regional models with lead times varying from 1 to 5 days. The results indicate that Typhoon Doksuri underwent rapid intensification and made landfall at 09:55 BJT on July 28 with a powerful intensity of 50 m s<sup>−1</sup> confirmed by the real-time operational warnings issued by China Meteorological Administration (CMA). The typhoon also caused significant wind and rainfall impacts, with precipitation at several stations reaching historical extremes, ranking eighth in terms of total rainfall impact during the event. The evaluation of forecast accuracy for Doksuri suggests that Shanghai Multi-model Ensemble Method (SSTC) and Fengwu Model are the most effective for short-term track forecasts. Meanwhile, the forecasts from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and United Kingdom Meteorological Office (UKMO) are optimal for long-term predictions. It is worth noting that objective forecasts systematically underestimate the typhoon maximum intensity. The objective forecast is terribly poor when there is a sudden change in intensity. CMA-National Digital Forecast System (CMA-NDFS) provides a better reference value for typhoon accumulated rainfall forecasts, and regional models perform well in forecasting extreme rainfall. The analyses above assist forecasters in pinpointing challenges within typhoon predictions and gaining a comprehensive insight into the performance of each model. This improves the effective application of model products.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":44442,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Cyclone Research and Review","volume":"13 3","pages":"Pages 219-229"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142529058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.tcrr.2024.08.003
Amit Singh , Nadao Kohno , Hironori Fudeyasu
This study highlighted a high wave case by severe tropical cyclone Harold and conducted a simulation with a newly developed wave forecasting system for the South Pacific based on the Japan Meteorological Agency third generation wave model (JMA MRI-III) using the National Center for Environment Prediction Global Forecast System (GFS) winds. Harold was a very intense tropical cyclone (TC) and very high waves up to 10 m affected parts of Vanuatu and Fiji. The model results were reasonable and verified against observations of orbital satellites and a wave buoy at Komave in Fiji. The statistical verifications were carefully analysed. The Root Mean Squared Error (RSME), Scatter Index (SI), Bias and R2 are all showing very impressive results. The new wave forecasting system is the first high resolution operational model at Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS), which covers the whole Fiji area. The system will provide guidance to FMS in preparing marine alerts and warning better and more confidence in providing the marine forecast accurately.
{"title":"Case study of high waves in the South Pacific generated by Tropical Cyclone Harold in 2020","authors":"Amit Singh , Nadao Kohno , Hironori Fudeyasu","doi":"10.1016/j.tcrr.2024.08.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tcrr.2024.08.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study highlighted a high wave case by severe tropical cyclone Harold and conducted a simulation with a newly developed wave forecasting system for the South Pacific based on the Japan Meteorological Agency third generation wave model (JMA MRI-III) using the National Center for Environment Prediction Global Forecast System (GFS) winds. Harold was a very intense tropical cyclone (TC) and very high waves up to 10 m affected parts of Vanuatu and Fiji. The model results were reasonable and verified against observations of orbital satellites and a wave buoy at Komave in Fiji. The statistical verifications were carefully analysed. The Root Mean Squared Error (RSME), Scatter Index (SI), Bias and R<sup>2</sup> are all showing very impressive results. The new wave forecasting system is the first high resolution operational model at Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS), which covers the whole Fiji area. The system will provide guidance to FMS in preparing marine alerts and warning better and more confidence in providing the marine forecast accurately.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":44442,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Cyclone Research and Review","volume":"13 3","pages":"Pages 147-160"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142529059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.tcrr.2024.09.002
Shanghong Wang , Jie Tang
Turbulence within the tropical cyclone boundary layer plays a crucial role in the exchange of heat, moisture, and momentum between the surface and the atmosphere. This study investigates the characteristics of coherent structures, specifically streaks and rolls, using large eddy simulations. Our results highlight significant differences across the three radius cases, with smaller radius exhibiting more intense and organized turbulence and streak/roll structures. Our analyses reveal that thermodynamic conditions significantly impact the timing of initial streak/roll development but do not affect their intensity in the steady state. Wind structures closer to the tropical cyclone center lead to stronger and more rapidly developing streaks/rolls, indicating their critical role in determining the intensity and formation of these features. Sensitivity tests on the Coriolis parameter (f) and radial decay parameter of tangential wind (n) show minimal impact on the development of streaks/rolls, suggesting these factors are less influential compared to wind and thermodynamic conditions.
{"title":"Analyzing coherent structures in the tropical cyclone boundary layer using large eddy simulations","authors":"Shanghong Wang , Jie Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.tcrr.2024.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tcrr.2024.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Turbulence within the tropical cyclone boundary layer plays a crucial role in the exchange of heat, moisture, and momentum between the surface and the atmosphere. This study investigates the characteristics of coherent structures, specifically streaks and rolls, using large eddy simulations. Our results highlight significant differences across the three radius cases, with smaller radius exhibiting more intense and organized turbulence and streak/roll structures. Our analyses reveal that thermodynamic conditions significantly impact the timing of initial streak/roll development but do not affect their intensity in the steady state. Wind structures closer to the tropical cyclone center lead to stronger and more rapidly developing streaks/rolls, indicating their critical role in determining the intensity and formation of these features. Sensitivity tests on the Coriolis parameter (<em>f</em>) and radial decay parameter of tangential wind (<em>n</em>) show minimal impact on the development of streaks/rolls, suggesting these factors are less influential compared to wind and thermodynamic conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":44442,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Cyclone Research and Review","volume":"13 3","pages":"Pages 230-238"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142529057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.1016/j.tcrr.2024.06.003
Ruide Zhou , Yeeun Seong , Jinping Liu
Nowadays, with the continual development of the science and technology applied in data observation, monitoring and collection, human has more and more means and channels to obtain various data, consequently, the amount of collected and stored data is also getting bigger and bigger. In recent years, hydro-meteorological data have multiplied in some Typhoon Committee (TC) Members. Data-based advanced technology applications in TC, such as application of Artificial Intelligent (AI) and impact-based typhoon disaster forecasting and early warning, has emerged one after another. A consistent and integrated data quality management system is crucial for ensuring accurate hydrological and meteorological analysis and prediction. Considering the importance and urgent necessary, TC working group on hydrology (WGH) conducted a cooperation project on data quality management in the past years with the major objective of improving the capacity of TC Members on integrated data quality control and processing. Despite the significant improvements, the uncertainties and difficulties in processing the full-elements of hydro-meteorological data still persist in hydro-meteorological data. To tackle these challenges and further enhance the data quality management system, the integration of AI technology shows great promise. By examining the data quality management system at World Meteorological Organization (WMO) as a starting point, this paper explored how related organizations in China, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines and Republic of Korea, manage the quality of hydro-meteorological data; reviewed the current status of hydro-meteorological data quality control in TC Members, and discussed the potential areas to be enhanced in future.
{"title":"Review of the development of hydrological data quality control in Typhoon Committee Members","authors":"Ruide Zhou , Yeeun Seong , Jinping Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.tcrr.2024.06.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tcrr.2024.06.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nowadays, with the continual development of the science and technology applied in data observation, monitoring and collection, human has more and more means and channels to obtain various data, consequently, the amount of collected and stored data is also getting bigger and bigger. In recent years, hydro-meteorological data have multiplied in some Typhoon Committee (TC) Members. Data-based advanced technology applications in TC, such as application of Artificial Intelligent (AI) and impact-based typhoon disaster forecasting and early warning, has emerged one after another. A consistent and integrated data quality management system is crucial for ensuring accurate hydrological and meteorological analysis and prediction. Considering the importance and urgent necessary, TC working group on hydrology (WGH) conducted a cooperation project on data quality management in the past years with the major objective of improving the capacity of TC Members on integrated data quality control and processing. Despite the significant improvements, the uncertainties and difficulties in processing the full-elements of hydro-meteorological data still persist in hydro-meteorological data. To tackle these challenges and further enhance the data quality management system, the integration of AI technology shows great promise. By examining the data quality management system at World Meteorological Organization (WMO) as a starting point, this paper explored how related organizations in China, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines and Republic of Korea, manage the quality of hydro-meteorological data; reviewed the current status of hydro-meteorological data quality control in TC Members, and discussed the potential areas to be enhanced in future.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":44442,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Cyclone Research and Review","volume":"13 2","pages":"Pages 113-124"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2225603224000298/pdfft?md5=328d6a1bfe3027a53399dab33cd6ffbf&pid=1-s2.0-S2225603224000298-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141402945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.1016/j.tcrr.2024.05.002
Xin Huang , Lina Bai , Zifeng Yu , Johnny C.L. Chan , Hui Yu , Jie Tang , Rong Guo , Rijin Wan
Based on the best-track dataset from the Shanghai Typhoon Institute/China Meteorological Administration, the paper provides a comprehensive summary and analysis of tropical cyclone (TC) activities in the Western North Pacific (WNP) and the South China Sea (SCS) for 2022. Using the historical climatology from 1951 to 2020, the anomalous conditions during 2022 in TC frequency, origin locations, tracks, intensity, and duration for the entire ocean basin as well as landfall events in China are examined. Results show that the overall TC frequency is slightly lower than normal, but the multiple TC events have a very high frequency of occurrence. Origin locations of TCs, which mark the starting points of their paths, show a large westward and northward deviation from climatology. Around 40% of the named TCs exhibit a shift in their direction of movement from westerly to easterly. Additionally, comparisons of the means, medians, upper and lower quartiles all indicate that the intensity of TCs in 2022 is generally lower than the climatology, with the duration of TCs at tropical storm intensity or above being shorter than usual. A notable observation is the fewer incidence of TC landfalls in China, but with a geographical concentration in Guangdong Province. These anomalous annual TC activities are influenced by related atmospheric and oceanic environmental conditions modulated by multi-scale climate variability. The findings provide useful information for enhancing disaster mitigation strategies in the Asia-Pacific region.
{"title":"Tropical cyclone activities in the Western North Pacific in 2022","authors":"Xin Huang , Lina Bai , Zifeng Yu , Johnny C.L. Chan , Hui Yu , Jie Tang , Rong Guo , Rijin Wan","doi":"10.1016/j.tcrr.2024.05.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tcrr.2024.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Based on the best-track dataset from the Shanghai Typhoon Institute/China Meteorological Administration, the paper provides a comprehensive summary and analysis of tropical cyclone (TC) activities in the Western North Pacific (WNP) and the South China Sea (SCS) for 2022. Using the historical climatology from 1951 to 2020, the anomalous conditions during 2022 in TC frequency, origin locations, tracks, intensity, and duration for the entire ocean basin as well as landfall events in China are examined. Results show that the overall TC frequency is slightly lower than normal, but the multiple TC events have a very high frequency of occurrence. Origin locations of TCs, which mark the starting points of their paths, show a large westward and northward deviation from climatology. Around 40% of the named TCs exhibit a shift in their direction of movement from westerly to easterly. Additionally, comparisons of the means, medians, upper and lower quartiles all indicate that the intensity of TCs in 2022 is generally lower than the climatology, with the duration of TCs at tropical storm intensity or above being shorter than usual. A notable observation is the fewer incidence of TC landfalls in China, but with a geographical concentration in Guangdong Province. These anomalous annual TC activities are influenced by related atmospheric and oceanic environmental conditions modulated by multi-scale climate variability. The findings provide useful information for enhancing disaster mitigation strategies in the Asia-Pacific region.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":44442,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Cyclone Research and Review","volume":"13 2","pages":"Pages 125-135"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2225603224000262/pdfft?md5=a22976f260cd4d270fb950f36b07b050&pid=1-s2.0-S2225603224000262-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141055349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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