Effects of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and the Aminoalkylindole K2/Spice Constituent JWH-073 on Cardiac Tissue and Mesenteric Vascular Reactivity.

Abstract

Background: Although use of Cannabis sativa is not associated with serious adverse effects, recreational use of aminoalkylindole (AAI) cannabinoid receptor agonists found in K2/Spice herbal blends has been reported to cause adverse cardiovascular events, including angina, arrhythmia, changes in blood pressure, ischemic stroke, and myocardial infarction. Δ⁹-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ⁹-THC) is the primary CB₁ agonist found in cannabis and JWH-073 is one of the AAI CB₁ agonists found in K2/Spice brands sold to the public. Methods: This study used in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo approaches to investigate potential differences on cardiac tissue and vascular effects betweenJWH-073 and Δ⁹-THC. Male C57BL/6 mice were treated with JWH-073 or Δ⁹-THC and cardiac injury was assessed by histology. Effects of JWH-073 and Δ⁹-THC on H9C2 cell viability and ex vivo mesenteric vascular reactivity were also determined. Results: JWH-073 or Δ⁹-THC induced typical cannabinoid effects of antinociception and hypothermia but did not promote death of cardiac myocytes. No differences in cell viability were observed in cultured H9C2 cardiac myocytes after 24 h of treatment. In isolated mesenteric arteries from drug-naive animals, JWH-073 produced significantly greater maximal relaxation (96%±2% vs. 73%±5%, p<0.05) and significantly greater inhibition of phenylephrine-mediated maximal contraction (Control 174%±11%K_MAX) compared with Δ⁹-THC (50%±17% vs. 119%±16%K_MAX, p<0.05). Discussion: These findings suggest that neither cannabinoid at the concentrations/dose studied caused cardiac cell death, but JWH-073 has the potential for greater vascular adverse events than Δ⁹-THC through an increased vasodilatory effect.