Hybrid Analogues of Hydrazone and Phthalimide: Design, Synthesis, In vivo, In vitro, and In silico Evaluation as Analgesic Agents.

Abstract

Background: Based on the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of hydrazone and phthalimide, a new series of hybrid hydrazone and phthalimide pharmacophores was prepared and evaluated as analgesic agents.

Methods: The designed ligands were synthesized by reaction of the appropriate aldehydes and 2- aminophthalimide. Analgesic, cyclooxygenase inhibitory, and cytostatic activity of prepared compounds were measured.

Results: All the tested ligands demonstrated significant analgesic activity. Moreover, compounds 3i and 3h were the most potent ligands in the formalin and writhing tests, respectively. Compounds 3g, 3j, and 3l were the most COX-2 selective ligands and ligand 3e was the most potent COX inhibitor with a 0.79 of COX-2 selectivity ratio. The presence of electron-withdrawing moieties with hydrogen bonding ability at the meta position was found to affect the selectivity efficiently, in which compounds 3g, 3l, and 3k showed high COX-2 selectivity, and compound 3k was the most potent one. The cytostatic activity of selected ligands demonstrated that compounds 3e, 3f, 3h, 3k, and 3m showed good analgesic and COX inhibitory activity and were less toxic than the reference drug.

Conclusion: High therapeutic index of these ligands is one of the valuable advantages of these compounds.