Effectiveness of yoga on Ewing's battery autonomic function test: cross-sectional study.

Abstract

Introduction: The cardiovascular autonomic functions can be tested by a Battery of five tests developed by Ewing and Clark in 1981 in Edinburgh. Yogic practices are immensely useful for physical, mental and spiritual development required for better autonomic function.

Aim and objectives: To assess the ANS (Autonomic function system) function with help of Ewing's Battery tests in yoga participants and healthy participants not practicing yoga.

Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 270 participants which were divided into two groups viz: 135 in healthy control (Group I) and 135 in yoga group (Group II). Subjects with informed consent between 40-50 years, were included in control (Group I) and those practicing yoga for past minimum 3 months were included in Group II. Anthropometric measurements were done and parasympathetic tests like Heart rate (HR) response to standing from the supine posture, to Valsalva maneuvers and to slow deep breathing were done. Also, sympathetic tests, Blood Pressure (BP) response to cold in cold pressor test (CPT), to sustained handgrip test and to standing from lying posture were carried out.

Results: P value was found to be statically significant among yoga group as compared with healthy control group in all the sympathetic and parasympathetic tests except in CPT. As per the Ewing's criteria, normal, early, diseased and severe CAN (Cardiac autonomic neuropathy) in healthy controls findings were 11.11%, 58.51%, 37.03%, 17.77% and in yoga participants findings were 37.7%, 34.8%, 6.66% and 8.88% respectively. According to Bellavere's classification, maximum diseased CAN were found in healthy control as compared to yoga group. As per AIIMS (All India Institute of Medical Sciences) criteria, parasympathetic neuropathy was observed in 11.85% of the healthy controls and in 6.66% of the yoga group, and that maximum sympathetic neuropathy was observed in 11.11% of the healthy patients and only 3.7% of the yoga group.

Conclusion: More emphasis should be given on implementation of yoga from early ages at the institutional levels, hospital levels. Yoga practices will suffice and lead to improvement of unhealthy ANS condition. Overall, Yoga showed better ANS function than healthy control group.