Design and synthesis of pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine linked hybrids as α-amylase inhibitors: molecular docking, MD simulation, ADMET and antidiabetic screening

Abstract

Novel pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-based analogues were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their ability to inhibit the α-amylase enzyme in order to treat diabetes. In vitro antidiabetic analysis demonstrated excellent antidiabetic action for compounds 5b, 6c, 7a, and 7b, with IC₅₀ values in the 0.252–0.281 mM range. At a 200 μg/mL concentration, the exceptional percent inhibition values for compounds 5a, 5b, 5d, and 6a varied from 97.79 ± 2.86% to 85.56 ± 4.13% overperforming the standard (acarbose). Molecular docking of all compounds performed with Bacillus paralicheniformis α-amylase enzyme. The most active compounds via in vitro and non-toxic via in silico ADMET and molecular docking analysis, hybrids 6c, 7a, and 7b displayed binding affinity from − 8.2 and − 8.5 kcal/mol. Molecular dynamic simulations of most active compound 5b and 7a investigated into the active sites of the Bacillus paralicheniformis α-amylase enzyme for a 100-ns indicating the stability of hybrid-protein complex. Consistent RGyr values for the two complexes under study further suggest that the system's proteins are closely packed in the dynamic state. Synthesized analogs’ in vitro biological assessments, ADMET, molecular docking, and MD modelling reveal that 5b, 6c, 7a, and 7b hybrid analogs may be employed in the development of future antidiabetic drugs.

Graphical abstract