Diversity of fungus-mediated synthesis of gold nanoparticles: properties, mechanisms, challenges, and solving methods.

IF 8.1 2区 工程技术 Q1 BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY Critical Reviews in Biotechnology Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2023-07-16 DOI:10.1080/07388551.2023.2225131
Fengqin Xu, Yinghui Li, Xixi Zhao, Guanwen Liu, Bing Pang, Ning Liao, Huixin Li, Junling Shi
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Abstract

Fungi-mediated synthesis of Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) has advantages in: high efficiency, low energy consumption, no need for extra capping and stabilizing agents, simple operation, and easy isolation and purification. Many fungi have been found to synthesize AuNPs inside cells or outside cells, providing different composition and properties of particles when different fungi species or reaction conditions are used. This is good to produce AuNPs with different properties, but may cause challenges to precisely control the particle shape, size, and activities. Besides, low concentrations of substrate and fungal biomass are needed to synthesize small-size particles, limiting the yield of AuNPs in a large scale. To find clues for the development methods to solve these challenges, the reported mechanisms of the fungi-mediated synthesis of AuNPs were summarized. The mechanisms of intracellular AuNPs synthesis are dependent on gold ions absorption by the fungal cell wall via proteins, polysaccharides, or electric absorption, and the reduction of gold ions via enzymes, proteins, and other cytoplasmic redox mediators in the cytoplasm or cell wall. The extracellular synthesis of AuNPs is mainly due to the metabolites outside fungal cells, including proteins, peptides, enzymes, and phenolic metabolites. These mechanisms cause the great diversity of the produced AuNPs in functional groups, element composition, shapes, sizes, and properties. Many methods have been developed to improve the synthesis efficiency by changing: chloroauric acid concentrations, reaction temperature, pH, fungal mass, and reaction time. However, future studies are still required to precisely control the: shape, size, composition, and properties of fungal AuNPs.

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真菌介导的金纳米粒子合成的多样性:特性、机制、挑战和解决方法。
真菌介导的金纳米粒子(AuNPs)合成具有高效、低能耗、无需额外的封盖剂和稳定剂、操作简单、易于分离和纯化等优点。研究发现,许多真菌都能在细胞内或细胞外合成 AuNPs,当使用不同的真菌种类或反应条件时,颗粒的成分和性质也不同。这有利于生产具有不同性质的 AuNPs,但可能会给精确控制颗粒形状、大小和活性带来挑战。此外,合成小尺寸颗粒需要低浓度的底物和真菌生物量,这限制了大规模 AuNPs 的产量。为了找到解决这些难题的开发方法,研究人员对已报道的真菌介导的 AuNPs 合成机制进行了总结。细胞内 AuNPs 的合成机制取决于真菌细胞壁通过蛋白质、多糖或电吸收吸收金离子,以及通过细胞质或细胞壁中的酶、蛋白质和其他细胞质氧化还原介质还原金离子。AuNPs 的细胞外合成主要来自真菌细胞外的代谢物,包括蛋白质、肽、酶和酚类代谢物。这些机制导致所生成的 AuNPs 在功能基团、元素组成、形状、大小和性质方面具有很大的多样性。为了提高合成效率,人们已经开发出了许多方法,如改变氯代酸浓度、反应温度、pH 值、真菌质量和反应时间等。然而,未来的研究仍需要精确控制真菌 AuNPs 的形状、大小、成分和性质。
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来源期刊
Critical Reviews in Biotechnology
Critical Reviews in Biotechnology 工程技术-生物工程与应用微生物
CiteScore
20.80
自引率
1.10%
发文量
71
审稿时长
4.8 months
期刊介绍: Biotechnological techniques, from fermentation to genetic manipulation, have become increasingly relevant to the food and beverage, fuel production, chemical and pharmaceutical, and waste management industries. Consequently, academic as well as industrial institutions need to keep abreast of the concepts, data, and methodologies evolved by continuing research. This journal provides a forum of critical evaluation of recent and current publications and, periodically, for state-of-the-art reports from various geographic areas around the world. Contributing authors are recognized experts in their fields, and each article is reviewed by an objective expert to ensure accuracy and objectivity of the presentation.
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