Nam-Yee Kim, Hye Jin Shi, Sung-Suck Oh, Young-Woo Gong, Mun-Ju Kwon, Joong Sik Eom, Yoonseon Park
{"title":"Wastewater Knows Pathogen Spread: Analysis of Residential Wastewater for Infectious Microorganisms including SARS-CoV-2.","authors":"Nam-Yee Kim, Hye Jin Shi, Sung-Suck Oh, Young-Woo Gong, Mun-Ju Kwon, Joong Sik Eom, Yoonseon Park","doi":"10.3947/ic.2022.0152","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>We aimed to identify the genes of 35 pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and protozoa that cause waterborne infectious diseases, and to assess the feasibility of a wastewater-based surveillance system.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Wastewater was aseptically sampled once a month from 2 sites. A total of 1 L of wastewater from each site underwent 0.2 µm filtration to generate the sample A. Subsequently, 200 ul of the filtered water was ultra-filtered and concentrated to generate the sample B, which was mixed with sample A in a 1:1 ratio. We performed a Filmarray<sup>®</sup> Gastrointestinal (GI) panel (BioFire Diagnnostics', Salt Lake City, UT, USA) test to simultaneously detect 13 enterobacteria, 5 enterovirus, and 4 protozoa. RNA was extracted to assess 18 types of viruses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 adenovirus, bocavirus, and rhinovirus was detected at both site. Norovirus GI/GII was continuously detected at both sites. Moreover, adenovirus, group A rotaviruses, and hepatitis A virus were frequently detected; however, hepatitis E virus was absent at either site. <i>Campylobacter,</i> enteroaggregative <i>Escherichia coli</i>, enterotoxigenic <i>E. coli</i>, Shiga toxin-producing <i>E. coli</i>, and <i>Clostridioides difficile</i> toxin A/B were detected at both sites. <i>Giardia lamblia</i> was also detected in both sites.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We analyze multiple infectious disease pathogens under sample surveillance with incidence. Further in-depth studies on wastewater-based surveillance will be feasible and important.</p>","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8000,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/73/69/ic-55-214.PMC10323530.pdf","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Infection and Chemotherapy","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.3947/ic.2022.0152","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"INFECTIOUS DISEASES","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Background: We aimed to identify the genes of 35 pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and protozoa that cause waterborne infectious diseases, and to assess the feasibility of a wastewater-based surveillance system.
Materials and methods: Wastewater was aseptically sampled once a month from 2 sites. A total of 1 L of wastewater from each site underwent 0.2 µm filtration to generate the sample A. Subsequently, 200 ul of the filtered water was ultra-filtered and concentrated to generate the sample B, which was mixed with sample A in a 1:1 ratio. We performed a Filmarray® Gastrointestinal (GI) panel (BioFire Diagnnostics', Salt Lake City, UT, USA) test to simultaneously detect 13 enterobacteria, 5 enterovirus, and 4 protozoa. RNA was extracted to assess 18 types of viruses.
Results: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 adenovirus, bocavirus, and rhinovirus was detected at both site. Norovirus GI/GII was continuously detected at both sites. Moreover, adenovirus, group A rotaviruses, and hepatitis A virus were frequently detected; however, hepatitis E virus was absent at either site. Campylobacter, enteroaggregative Escherichia coli, enterotoxigenic E. coli, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, and Clostridioides difficile toxin A/B were detected at both sites. Giardia lamblia was also detected in both sites.
Conclusion: We analyze multiple infectious disease pathogens under sample surveillance with incidence. Further in-depth studies on wastewater-based surveillance will be feasible and important.
背景:我们旨在鉴定35种引起水传播传染病的病原体,包括病毒、细菌和原生动物的基因,并评估基于废水的监测系统的可行性。材料和方法:每月对2个地点的废水进行一次无菌取样。每个站点共抽取1 L的废水进行0.2µm的过滤生成样品A,然后将200 ul的过滤水进行超滤浓缩生成样品B,并与样品A按1:1的比例混合。我们进行了Filmarray®胃肠道(GI)面板(BioFire diagnostics ', Salt Lake City, UT, USA)检测,同时检测13种肠杆菌,5种肠病毒和4种原生动物。提取RNA以评估18种病毒。结果:两处均检测到严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2型腺病毒、博卡病毒和鼻病毒。在两个地点均连续检测到诺如病毒GI/GII。此外,腺病毒、A组轮状病毒和甲型肝炎病毒也经常被检测到;然而,两处均未发现戊型肝炎病毒。在两个位点均检测到弯曲杆菌、肠聚集性大肠杆菌、产肠毒素大肠杆菌、产志贺毒素大肠杆菌和艰难梭菌毒素A/B。在这两个地点也发现了贾第鞭毛虫。结论:我们在样本监测下分析了多种传染病病原体的发病情况。进一步深入研究基于废水的监测是可行的和重要的。