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{"title":"Control of Breathing in Ectothermic Vertebrates.","authors":"William K Milsom, Kathleen M Gilmour, Steve Perry, Luciane H Gargaglioni, Michael S Hedrick, Richard Kinkead, Tobias Wang","doi":"10.1002/cphy.c210041","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The ectothermic vertebrates are a diverse group that includes the Fishes (Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, and Osteichthyes), and the stem Tetrapods (Amphibians and Reptiles). From an evolutionary perspective, it is within this group that we see the origin of air-breathing and the transition from the use of water to air as a respiratory medium. This is accompanied by a switch from gills to lungs as the major respiratory organ and from oxygen to carbon dioxide as the primary respiratory stimulant. This transition first required the evolution of bimodal breathing (gas exchange with both water and air), the differential regulation of O<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> at multiple sites, periodic or intermittent ventilation, and unsteady states with wide oscillations in arterial blood gases. It also required changes in respiratory pump muscles (from buccopharyngeal muscles innervated by cranial nerves to axial muscles innervated by spinal nerves). The question of the extent to which common mechanisms of respiratory control accompany this progression is an intriguing one. While the ventilatory control systems seen in all extant vertebrates have been derived from common ancestors, the trends seen in respiratory control in the living members of each vertebrate class reflect both shared-derived features (ancestral traits) as well as unique specializations. In this overview article, we provide a comprehensive survey of the diversity that is seen in the afferent inputs (chemo and mechanoreceptor), the central respiratory rhythm generators, and the efferent outputs (drive to the respiratory pumps and valves) in this group. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12: 1-120, 2022.</p>","PeriodicalId":10573,"journal":{"name":"Comprehensive Physiology","volume":"12 4","pages":"3869-3988"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2000,"publicationDate":"2022-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"1","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Comprehensive Physiology","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c210041","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"PHYSIOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
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Abstract
The ectothermic vertebrates are a diverse group that includes the Fishes (Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, and Osteichthyes), and the stem Tetrapods (Amphibians and Reptiles). From an evolutionary perspective, it is within this group that we see the origin of air-breathing and the transition from the use of water to air as a respiratory medium. This is accompanied by a switch from gills to lungs as the major respiratory organ and from oxygen to carbon dioxide as the primary respiratory stimulant. This transition first required the evolution of bimodal breathing (gas exchange with both water and air), the differential regulation of O2 and CO2 at multiple sites, periodic or intermittent ventilation, and unsteady states with wide oscillations in arterial blood gases. It also required changes in respiratory pump muscles (from buccopharyngeal muscles innervated by cranial nerves to axial muscles innervated by spinal nerves). The question of the extent to which common mechanisms of respiratory control accompany this progression is an intriguing one. While the ventilatory control systems seen in all extant vertebrates have been derived from common ancestors, the trends seen in respiratory control in the living members of each vertebrate class reflect both shared-derived features (ancestral traits) as well as unique specializations. In this overview article, we provide a comprehensive survey of the diversity that is seen in the afferent inputs (chemo and mechanoreceptor), the central respiratory rhythm generators, and the efferent outputs (drive to the respiratory pumps and valves) in this group. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12: 1-120, 2022.
恒温脊椎动物的呼吸控制。
恒温脊椎动物是一个多样化的群体,包括鱼类(Agnatha, chondrichth纲和osteichth纲)和干四足动物(两栖动物和爬行动物)。从进化的角度来看,正是在这个群体中,我们看到了空气呼吸的起源,以及从使用水到空气作为呼吸媒介的转变。这伴随着从鳃到肺作为主要呼吸器官的转变,以及从氧气到二氧化碳作为主要呼吸刺激物的转变。这种转变首先需要进化出双峰呼吸(与水和空气的气体交换),在多个部位对O2和CO2的差异调节,周期性或间歇性通气,以及动脉血气广泛振荡的不稳定状态。它还需要呼吸泵肌的改变(从由颅神经支配的咽肌到由脊神经支配的轴肌)。呼吸控制的共同机制在多大程度上伴随这一进展是一个有趣的问题。虽然所有现存脊椎动物的呼吸控制系统都来自于共同的祖先,但在每一类脊椎动物的现存成员中,呼吸控制的趋势既反映了共同的衍生特征(祖先特征),也反映了独特的特化。在这篇综述文章中,我们提供了一个全面的多样性调查,在传入输入(化学和机械受体),中枢呼吸节律发生器,和传出输出(驱动呼吸泵和阀)在这一组中看到。©2022美国生理学会。中国生物医学工程学报(英文版),2016。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。