Morphologic and molecular characterization of Apertospathula pilata n. sp., a novel freshwater spathidiid (Ciliophora, Litostomatea) from Idaho, USA

Abstract

Order Spathidiida Foissner and Foissner, 1988 comprises a large group of morphologically diverse, primarily predatory, free living ciliates, the phylogeny of which has remained stubbornly unresolved. Families Arcuospathidiidae and Apertospathulidae are two morphologically similar groups established on the basis of differences in the morphology of the oral bulge and circumoral kinety. While Arcuospathidiidae is non-monophyletic in 18S rRNA gene analyses, the Apertospathulidae has been represented by only a single Apertospathula sequence in public databases. In this report, a novel freshwater species, Apertospathula pilata n. sp. is described on the basis of living observation, silver impregnation, and scanning electron microscopy. The phylogeny of the new species is assessed based on the rRNA cistron. The main features distinguishing A. pilata n. sp. from all congeners are: the oral bulge extrusomes (filiform, up to 25 µm long), the combination of body size (130–193 µm) and shape (spatulate), the extensive oral bulge length (41% of the cell length after protargol impregnation), and multiple micronuclei (one to five, two on average). The monophyly of Apertospathulidae Foissner, Xu and Kreutz, 2005 is rejected.